1970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ENTRIES

ECONOMY, COMMERCE, AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES

1970 2nd Session, 91st Congress

For Business, a Call to Commitment, G. A. Freeman, 807.

807; January 22, 1970; Muskie inserts a copy of a speech by Gaylord A Freeman, chairman of the First National Bank of Chicago from the Wall Street Journal, which he says encourages the business community to make more effort to help spread the benefits of society to all. His argument is that the system of private enterprise rests on a foundation of acceptance of social conditions by people who are not directly involved in private enterprise in an ownership way.

Airport and Airways Development Act of 1969: amend bill (H.R. 14465) to enact, 5069.

Airport and Airways Development Act of 1969: bill (H.R. 14465) to enact, 5071.

5069; February 26, 1970; Muskie is shown as one of the sponsors of the Hart (D-Michigan) amendment to H.R.14465, the Airport and Airways Development Act, which is designed to strengthen the environmental protections in the bill when new airports are constructed. Muskie speaks on the amendment and it is accepted.

Office of Disaster Relief: create (see bill S. 3619),8296.

8296; March 20, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the original cosponsors of a Bayh (D-Indiana) bill, S.3619, which would create an Office of Disaster Assistance within the office of the President, and establish a broader program of disaster assistance. At this time, the existing federal response to disasters consisted of piecemeal efforts built on a 1950-vintage law which compensated local government agencies for the loss of public property, but provided no help for private losses. The bill would have codified the assorted efforts to offer disaster relief that were scattered in different parts of the federal system.

Waste Discharges Into Prestile Stream (Maine), by, 12791.

Prestile Stream, Easton, Maine: quality of water in, 12791.

12791; April 23, 1970; Muskie inserts an explanatory statement about Prestile Stream and the sugar beet refinery built on it and the associated water quality issues. This issue arose from the perpetual search by Aroostook County for an alternative or complementary crop to the potato harvest. In 1964, Maine was granted one of six federal sugar beet allotments, which grant carried with it the requirement that a processing plant be constructed by 1966. In an effort to achieve this goal and facilitate construction of such a processing plant, Maine’s Governor Reed, a Republican, and the state legislature agreed to downgrade the environmental status of Prestile Stream as a temporary measure. As Muskie became more identified with environmental cleanup goals – and as his political future looked increasingly bright – this local issue was used by opponents and critics.

Department of Agriculture and related agencies: bill (H.R. 17923) making appropriations for, 23316.

23316; July 8, 1970; During debate on H.R. 17923, the Agriculture Appropriations Act, Muskie makes a brief statement of support for the action of the Appropriations Subcommittee in providing funds for the construction of a soil and water conservation research program at the University of Maine at Orono.

Business franchises: require full and fair disclosure of nature of interests in (see bill S. 3844), 25738.

25738; July 24, 1970; Muskie is listed as a cosponsor of a Williams (D-New Jersey) bill, S. 3844, the Franchise Full Disclosure Act, which was intended to provide greater protections for investors in the then-new and proliferating business franchise operations coming into existence.

Coast Guard Reserve: strength, 28744.

28744; August 13, 1970; During debate on H.R.17123, the military procurement authorization bill, Muskie speaks on the Williams (D-New Jersey) amendment, of which he is a cosponsor, that would provide an increase from 10,000 to 15,000 in the Coast Guard Reserves to help ensure that the increased responsibilities of the Coast Guard can be carried out. Although the bill was a military procurement measure, Muskie’s concern was directed to the value of the Coast Guard in helping deal with oil spills.

Agricultural Act of 1970: enact (see bill S. 4492), 37889

37889; November 18, 1970; Muskie’s name is added as a cosponsor to S.4492, a McGovern (D- South Dakota) bill called the Agricultural Act of 1970 which was intended to improve the dairy program and other farm programs.

Agricultural Act of 1970: bill (H.R. 18546) to enact, 38127.

38127; November 19, 1970; During debate on the conference report on H.R. 18546, the Agricultural Act of 1970, concerns were raised that by granting the Agriculture Secretary too much discretion in establishing acreage allotments and price support levels, the bill would inevitably lead to huge surpluses and thus lower farm prices and farm income. Muskie made a statement echoing that concern.

Letter: ICC transportation decisions, B. M. Stafford, by, 40025.

40025; December 7, 1970; Senator Mansfield (D-Montana) comments about the shortcomings of the Interstate Commerce Commission, referring to rail rate increases and the apparent dissolution of passenger rail, and includes a letter from a number of Senators, including Muskie, to the Commission’s Chairman, setting forth their concerns. The Commission was an independent federal agency, charged with the responsibility of setting rail rates. It was abolished during the 1970s.

ENERGY

1970 2nd Session, 91st Congress

Utility Consumers' Council Act: summary of hearings on, 5013.

Report: Summary of Hearings on S. 607, Utility Consumers' Council Act, Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations,5013.

5013; February 26, 1970; Muskie inserts a summarized version of hearings held on S.607, a Metcalf (D-Montana) bill which would have created a consumer representative on state utility regulatory commissions to represent the consumer viewpoint on requests for rate increases by power companies. Muskie had a strong interest in cheaper power, and these excerpted hearings reflect that interest.

Utilities Damned at Any Location, G. Smith, New York Times, 9591.

Electric power: environmental conflict, 9591.

Problems of Electric Utilities, L. C. White Missouri Basin Systems Group, 9592.

Nine Suggestions From Lee C. White, Electrical World, 9594.

9591, 9592, 9594; March 26, 1970; Muskie comments that he has introduced legislation to help coordinate the process of siting power plants, and inserts some news stories which describe the problems facing many east coast communities in locating and building additional power plants. In these years, electrical “brownouts” were a frequent occurrence on the East Coast, and Muskie had a strong interest in improving the region’s power supply situation.

Commission on Fuels and Energy: establish (see bill S. 4092), 24671.

24671; July 16, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the original cosponsors of a Randolph (D- West Virginia) bill, S. 4092, to establish a Commission on Fuels and Energy to make recommendations for the preservation of low-cost fuel supplies for the United States.

Hot Weather and Dickey, Lewiston Journal, 27417.

27417; August 5, 1970; Muskie inserts an editorial that questions if the current heat wave is making people rethink the value of public power, which precisely reflects his own views on the issue of public power production in the Northeast.

Power and Environmental Problem, at American Bar Association, 29612.

29612; August 20, 1970; Senator Eagleton (D-Missouri) inserts the text of a Muskie statement on the current electric power shortages, and the different ways the power crisis is linked to the larger environmental issue.

Dickey-Lincoln project: appropriations, 29770, 29771.

Transcript: Dickey-Lincoln Project (excerpts), House Committee on Public Works, 29770.

29770, 29771; August 24, 1970; In various statements made following action the public works appropriations bill, Muskie makes a statement on the Dickey-Lincoln project which was again funded by the Senate and not funded by the House. Muskie inserts excerpts from the House report to illustrate the wrongheadedness of the House’s action in this respect.

Editorial: Crisis of a Power Shortage, Edward P. Morgan, 30098.

30098; August 26, 1970; Muskie mentions that the Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee has held hearings on power shortages in the east and New England and inserts an editorial that takes the private utilities to task for their failure to plan to avert threats to the region’s electrical supply and for their efforts to block public power projects.

New England's Oil Shortage Woes, Concord Monitor, 30103.

30103; August 26, 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement about the shortage of oil in New England and inserts an editorial from a Concord, N.H. newspaper which outlines the elements

that contribute to the shortage: Sulphur removal equipment to be installed, the national oil import quota and the closing of the Suez Canal, which at that time forced tankers to round Africa to reach New England. Muskie battled the oil import quota until the entire system was scrapped in the wake of the 1970s oil embargoes by the OPEC nations.

Dickey-Lincoln School hydroelectric facility, 33557.

Electric power: shortage, 33557.

33557; September 24, 1970; During the third day of a series of power crises and outages, Muskie comments on the shortsightedness of the industry and the House of Representatives for refusing to fund the Dickey-Lincoln public power project.

ENVIRONMENT, PARKS, HISTORIC PRESERVATION, WILDLIFE

1970 2nd Session, 91st Congress

Legislation Dealing With Environment, by, 934.

934; January 23, 1970; Senator Eagleton (D-Missouri) inserts the text of a Muskie statement which lays out in some detail the full scope of Muskie’s environmental program of legislation for the year.

Theology of the Earth, Smithsonian Institution, R. Dubos, 942.

942; January 23, 1970; Muskie inserts the text of Rene Dubos’ lecture at the Smithsonian. Dubos was a professor at Rockefeller University in New York, and a Pulitzer Prize winner for his book, “So Human an Animal.” He became one of the most-quoted spokesmen of the environmental movement in these years.

Everglades National Park: plans for jetport abandoned, 2210.

Everglades Park Birds Have Won, P. Wylie, New York Times, 2210.

2210; February 3, 1970; Pointing out that there is sometimes good environmental news to balance the bad, Muskie inserts a news article about the decision not to build a planned airport in the Everglades.

Who Should Police the Polluters? E. W. Kenworthy, New York Times, 2389.

2389; February 4, 1970; Muskie briefly discusses the question of asking agencies which produce pollution to also act as controllers of emissions, and illustrates this point with an article from the New York Times, called “Who Should Police the Polluters,” by E.W. Kenworthy. This issue was one of those raised during the previous year’s debate between Muskie and Senator Jackson (D-Washington) over the development of the National Environmental Protection Act, the law that mandates Environmental Impact Statements for the vast majority of government projects.

Environmental Crisis and Future of Man, American Association for the Advancement of Science, by, 2390.

2390; February 4, 1970; Senator Spong (D-Virginia) inserts a Muskie speech, given to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Boston, in which he discusses a comprehensive approach to dealing with environmental pollution.

National Environmental Laboratory Act of 1970: enact (see bill S. 3410), 2700.

Environment: crisis, 2705, 5987.

Baker, Howard H.: tribute, 2705.

Environmental Message, Maryland General Assembly, Gov. Marvin Mandel, 5987.

2700; February 6, 1970; This is a notice only of the introduction of S.3410, a Baker-Muskie bill to establish a structure that will provide a means to develop integrated knowledge and understanding of the ecological, social and technological problems associated with air pollution, water pollution, solid waste disposal, general pollution and degradation of the environment, and other related problems.

2705; February 6, 1970; Muskie makes his remarks on the introduction of S. 3410, the National Environmental Laboratory Act, which he is jointly introducing with Senator Baker (R-Tennessee), and compliments Baker on his work in putting the measure together.

5987; March 4, 1970; Muskie makes a brief comment on the Environmental Message of Maryland Governor Marvin Mandel, saying that it is a model for the other states, and inserts a copy of the text.

Environmental Budget Requests, by, 2863.

2863; February 9, 1970; Senator Eagleton (D-Missouri) inserts a copy of Muskie’s reaction to the President’s environmental budget for the coming fiscal year. Muskie’s reaction is critical.

Environment: Can Man Prosper and Survive? Chicago, Ill., by, 3527.

3527; February 17, 1970. Senator Eagleton (D-Missouri) inserts a Muskie speech about technology and the environment, in which Muskie raises the fact that it is the total human environment which must be the focus of environmental efforts.

Environment: Growing Issue, Amalgamated Clothing Workers, Senator Symington, 4105.

4105; February 19, 1970; Muskie inserts the text of a speech given by Senator Eagleton, (D-Missouri)on the solution to some of the current environmental problems, which he concludes is mostly to devote more financial resources to clean up and preserve the environment.

Women and Polluted America, by Ladies Home Journal, 4949.

4949; February 25, 1970; Representative Roman C. Pucinski (D-Illinois) inserts in Extensions of Remarks, a Muskie article from the February edition of the Ladies’ Home Journal magazine, discussing the role of women in the effort to control and prevent pollution.

Santa Barbara Channel Preservation Act of 1970: enact (see bill S. 3516), 4969.

Santa Barbara Channel Preservation Act of 1970: introduction, 4970.

Text: S.3516, Santa Barbara Channel Preservation Act of 1970, 4971.

4969; February 26, 1970; Notice only of Muskie introduction of S.3516, a bill to provide for the control and prevention of further pollution by oil discharges from federal lands of the coast of California.

4970, 4971; February 26, 1970; Muskie makes an opening statement on S. 3516, a bill to immediately halt all mineral leases in the Santa Barbara Channel and to take remedial action against further oil discharges and seeps in the Channel. The Union Oil Company’s platform suffered a blowout in January of 1969 which led to a massive oil discharge into the channel, threatening ocean life, fisheries and tourism. At the time, it was one of the worst environmental disasters in American waters.

Committee on Public Works: Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, 4978.

Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution activities, 4978.

4978; February 26, 1970; Muskie publishes a schedule of hearings planned by the Air and Water Pollution Subcommittee as a notice to his colleagues of proposed action on various bills into the summer. It is not common for hearings to be announced in such a manner, but it is a reflection of the intense public concern about environmental issues at this time and of the strong interest of many Senators in being identified with the issue.

National Air Quality Standards Act of 1970: enact (see bill S. 3546), 5953.

Table: NAPCA air quality control regions, 5960, 5970.

List: Air quality control regions, 5966.

Pollution: legislation to control air, 5966.

National Air Quality Standards Act of 1970: introduction, 5966

Text: S.3546, National Air Quality Standards Act of 1970, 5967.

5953; March 4, 1970; This is a notice only of the introduction of S.3546, Muskie’s National Air Quality Standards Act.

5966, 5967; March 4, 1970; Muskie makes his introductory remarks to S.3546, the National Air Quality Standards Act of 1970. This bill was the precursor to the one finally adopted as the Clean Air Act of 1970. For the first time, it extended to federal authorities the right to establish clean air regions in all the states if a state government failed to act.

Our Environment: We Can Save It, Kansas City Press Club, Senator Eagleton, 6614.

6614; March 10, 1970; Muskie inserts a speech by Eagleton (D-Missouri) about the environment, in which Eagleton talks about the resources needed to clean up pollution.

University of Michigan Environmental Teach-In, by, 8677.

8677; March 23, 1970; Senator Hart (D-Michigan) inserts a Muskie speech on the fundamental causes of the environmental crisis at the University of Michigan teach-in. In these years, teach-ins were a popular means by which colleges could mobilize interested students for a cause. This speech was given just one month before the first Earth Day in April, 1970.

Fish and wildlife and recreation development: authorize Federal assistance for (see bill S. 3598), 8823.

8823; March 24, 1970; Muskie is added as a cosponsor to S.3598, an Aiken (R-Vermont) bill to authorize federal funds to share in the costs of developing recreation and water projects in rural areas. The bill was intended to build upon existing authority under the Agriculture Department which allowed for water developments that could aid the economies of rural areas. Senator Aiken noted that many rural areas did not have a tax base sufficient to finance even small projects by themselves.

Total Environment, Western Michigan University, Senator Hart, 8838

8838; March 24, 1970; Muskie inserts a Hart (D-Michigan) statement on the environment in which he talks about going beyond the habitual minimum standard setting approach and dealing with the kind of environmental damage that cannot be quantified but which is nonetheless real.

Pollution: legislation to control, 8975, 8983-8985, 10399.

Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970: bill (H.R. 4148) to enact, 8975, 8983-8985.

Analysis: Conference action on Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 (H.R.4148) 8984.

Managers on Part of House on H.R. 4148, 8985.

8975; March 24, 1970; Muskie submits the conference report on H.R.4148, the Water Quality Improvement Act, and asks that the Senate proceed to its consideration. The text of the report is published at this point.

8983-8985; March 24, 1970; Muskie describes the conference report on the water pollution bill, particularly the extensive oil spill liability provisions, and includes excerpts from the managers’ statements about the changes made during conference. The conference report is approved 80-0.

Environmental Quality Administration Act of 1970: enact (see bill S. 3677), 10398.

Environmental Quality Administration Act of 1970: Introduction, 10399.

Solid waste programs: overlapping responsibilities, 10399.

Text: S.3677, Environmental Quality Administration Act of 1970, 10399.

Analysis: S. 3677, Environmental Quality Administration Act of 1970, 10401.

10398; April 6, 1970; Notice only of Muskie’S introduction of S.3677, the Environmental Quality Administration Act, which would create an agency to coordinate the growing workload of environmental programs.

10401; April 6, 1970; Muskie makes an introductory statement on S.3677, the Environmental Quality Administration act, explaining that the existing dispersal of environmental cleanup responsibilities throughout different departments of the federal government is inefficient and a bar to effective environmental oversight. His bill is intended to create a single environmental agency for this purpose.

Newsletter: population issue should not replace environmental action, G. Fishbein, Environmental Health Letter, 10407.

Population: crisis, 10407.

10407; April 6, 1970; Muskie notes that the growing concern about overpopulation, which had been fueled by the enormous success of a book called “The Population Bomb”, could have the unfortunate side effect of diluting the focus on direct environmental action and illustrates this with a copy of a Fishbein Environmental Health Letter discussing this.

National Water Quality Standards Act of 1970: enact (see bill S. 3687), 10479.

Clean Water Commitment Act of 1970: enact (see bill S. 3688), 10480.

Analysis: S. 3687, National Water Quality Standards Act of 1970, 10484.

Table: Status of exceptions to water quality standards, 10485.

Pollution: legislation to Combat Water, 10484, 10486.

National Water Quality Standards Act of 1970: Introduction, 10484, 10486.

Text: S.3688, Clean Water Commitment Act of 1970, 10486.

National League of Cities: pollution legislation, 10486.

Clean Water Commitment Act of 1970: introduction, 10486.

Letter: Clean Water Commitment Act of 1970, National League of Cities, U.S. Conference of Mayors (sundry), 10487.

Report: Clean Water in 1970's, National League of Cities, 10488.

10479; April 7, 1970; Notice only of the introduction of S.3687, a Muskie bill to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

10480; April 7, 1970; Notice only of the introduction of S.3688, the Clean Water Commitment Act, a proposed bill to change the financing of waste water treatment programs developed by the League of Cities and the U.S. Conference of Mayors.

10484; April 7, 1970; Muskie makes introductory remarks on S.3687, a water pollution control bill, and notes that the 5-year authorization on the books is due to expire by year’s end, and a new bill, authorizing a higher federal funding level is warranted by the fact that water cleanup has been relatively slow and much more remains to be done.

10486; April 7, 1970; Muskie makes an introductory statement on a S. 3688, a bill proposed by the National League of Cities and the U.S. Conference of Mayors to amend the federal water pollution control act with respect to the federal share of funds for municipal waste water treatment facilities. Muskie introduced this bill in order to have it as one of the measures the subcommittee could consider as it amended the law.

Clean Lakes Act of 1970: enact (see bill S.3697),10815.

10815; April 8, 1970; Muskie is listed as an original cosponsor of S.3697, a Mondale (D-Minnesota) bill building on his 1966 inclusion of lakes in the broader water pollution legislation, and which would accelerate the cleanup of freshwater lakes, focusing particularly on those most endangered, using the most recent technology to help reverse eutrophication.

Earth Day, 12814.

Environmental Renewal or Oblivion, J. Paul Austin, 12815-12818.

12814, 12815-12818; April 23, 1970; Muskie inserts an article by J. Paul Austin, the president of the Coca-Cola company, on the significance of Earth Day and what corporate entities should be doing about it. Mr. Austin also describes in detail what his company is doing.

Pesticides: set standards on all (see bill S.3784),13612

13612; April 30, 1970; Muskie is listed as a cosponsor of S. 3784, a Nelson (D-Wisconsin) bill which sought to require manufactured pesticides to be biodegradable.

Broadcast transcript, NBC White Paper: Pollution, NBC-TV, 13685-13688.

13685-13688; April 30, 1970; Muskie inserts the text of a televised NBC White Paper on pollution. Because environmental concerns had become a major subject of public interest and controversy, media attention to environmental issues also ran high. The show in question highlighted the airport that was not built next to the Florida Everglades and the debate over the deep sea oil port at Machiasport, Maine.

Environmental quality leadership, 15607

Fact sheet: answering Nader Task Force Report on Air Pollution, by, 15608.

Answering Nader Task Force Report on Air Pollution, by, 15608

15607, 15608; May 14, 1970; In the House of Representatives, Congressman Wright (D-Texas) speaks about the attack on Muskie’s work on air pollution by the Nader Task Force, and inserts Muskie’s response of May 13, 1970, along with a fact sheet rebutting the Task Force’s criticisms. As public opinion about environmental cleanup grew stronger, Ralph Nader turned from his automobile consumer safety crusade to a range of other issues, including environmental issues. His strategy was to gain maximum media attention by attacking the most prominent environmental leadership, at this time, Senator Muskie.

Harvard University Teach-In (excerpts), Cambridge, Mass., by, 15705.

15705; May 15, 1970; Senator Eagleton (D-Missouri) inserts the texts of two sets of Muskie remarks given during Earth Week at Harvard and Pennsylvania Universities.

Solid waste disposal facilities: amend bill (S.2005) to provide financial assistance for construction of, 16476.

16476; May 21, 1970; Senator Javits (R-New York) introduces an amendment, No. 652, to S.2005, the Solid Waste Disposal Act to provide federal financial assistance for solid waste disposal and research. Muskie is shown as one of the cosponsors of the amendment.

Representative Hechler Hits Unjustified Criticism of Dedicated Legislator, 16423.

16423; May 20, 1970; In Extensions of Remarks, Congressman Hathaway (D- Maine) inserts an article describing how his colleague, Rep. Hechler of West Virginia, reacted to the Nader attack on Muskie’s clean air act.

Tribute, 16482.

16482; May 21, 1970; Senator Magnuson (D-Washington) makes a statement lauding Muskie’s work on the environment and his efforts to work jointly with the Commerce Committee, which Magnuson chairs, to work on the problem of a less polluting automobile, and inserts a listing of the various accomplishments of the Air and Water Subcommittee.

Paper: National Association of Counties Environmental Quality, 17145.

17145; May 26, 1970; Muskie inserts a copy of the white paper on environmental quality issued by the National Association of Counties, which discusses the environmental laws of the preceding decade, the response of the administration and the legislative program for the coming year.

Chicken Plant's Plea Denied by High Court, J. Hanrahan, Washington Post, 18059.

18059; June 3, 1970; Muskie invites attention to the Supreme Court’s ruling in the case of a chicken rendering plant at Bishop, Md., which was shut down for being in violation of the Clean Air Act. This was the first such shutdown for environmental reasons.

Committee on the Environment (Joint): establish (see S.J. Res. 207), 18281.

Establishment of Joint Committee on the Environment, Senator Magnuson, 18287

Committee on the Environment: establish, 18286, 18287.

18281; June 4, 1970; Notice only of Muskie’s introduction of S. J. Res. 207, a joint resolution providing for the creation of a Joint Congressional Committee on the Environment.

18286, 18287; June 5, 1970; Muskie makes his introductory remarks on S. J. Res. 207, a resolution to establish a Joint Committee on the Environment, explaining that this proposal is a variant of his Select Committee on the Environment, which would have a membership drawn from both Houses.

  

Report: Committee on Public Works, 20928, 25517, 30568, 32368, 32371.

Clean Air Act and Solid Waste Disposal Act: temporary extensions (see. bill S. 4012),20928.

Clean Air Act: extend (see bill S. 4319 ), 30568.

Solid Waste Disposal Act: extend (see bill S. 4319), 30568.

Clean Air Act: amend (see bill S. 4358), 32368.

Extension of time for report by Committee on Public Works, 32371.

20928; June 23, 1970; Notice only of the introduction of a Muskie bill, S.4012, to temporarily extend the provisions of the Clean Air and Solid Waste Disposal Acts. When major legislation is set to expire before the Congress has completed action on replacement legislation, it is common to propose a 90-day or longer temporary extension of the law. This is done primarily to maintain the authorities under the law so that enforcement or court actions do not fail in the event that a law lapses for a few days or weeks before its replacement has been signed.

25517; July 23, 1970; Notice only of Muskie filing a report on S.2005, a bill to amend the Solid Waste Disposal Act, Report No. 91-1034.

30568; September 1, 1970; Notice only of Muskie’s introduction of S. 4319, a short-term 90-day extension of the provisions of the Clean Air Act and Waste Disposal Act. This short-term extension was required because work on the reauthorization of the 1967 Clean Air Act had not been completed by the time several of its provisions would have expired. S.4319 was an original bill reported from the Public Works Committee, and was considered and approved by unanimous consent on the same day.

32368; September 17, 1970; Senator Byrd (D-West Virginia), on behalf of Muskie, who was absent from the Senate Chamber, introduces and reports an original Committee bill, S.4358, to amend the clean air act, along with its report, Report No. 91-1196. Because the Public Works Committee worked in a collaborative rather than an adversarial fashion at this time, it was not uncommon for the Committee to create an “original” bill from the assorted provisions considered during committee markups, and report it back to the full Senate for action.

32371; September 17, 1970; Senator Byrd (D-West Virginia) on behalf of Muskie, presents an original Committee bill, S.4358, to amend the clean air act, asks that it be printed in its entirety, and requests permission for the Committee to have until midnight Friday, September 18, to file the accompanying report, together with individual views.

Corporate Responsibility and the Environment, Advanced Management Institute, by,20947.

20947; June 23, 1970; Senator Eagleton (D-Missouri) inserts the text of a Muskie speech on Corporate Responsibility in which Muskie, speaking to a business audience, warns that effective action on environmental concerns demands more than advertising campaigns and announces his plan to propose legislation that would help shareholders raise their concerns at company meetings. This proposal was based on a campaign called Campaign GM, which in 1970 asked the CEO of General Motors why no blacks served on the company’s board, and received the reply “We are a public corporation owned by free, white ... uhh ... and .. and ... black and yellow people all over the world.” Several months later, the CEO, James Roche, invited Leon Sullivan to join the GM board.

National Association of Secondary Material Industries, Inc., Senator Eagleton, 22227.

22227; June 30, 1970; Muskie inserts an Eagleton (D-Missouri) speech to the National Association of Secondary Material Industries in St. Louis, Missouri, in which Eagleton examines how government benefits for the extractive industries actually discourage recycling.

Letter: Antismog proposals, Ralph Nader, 22703

22703; July 2, 1970; In Extensions of Remarks, Rep. George E. Brown (D- California) inserts a copy of a letter from Ralph Nader to Muskie, criticizing the shortcomings in the House version of the 1970 Clean Air Act and outlining what he regarded as essential elements in a strong Clean Air Act.

Table: Pollution controls – by States, 23330-23337.

Report: Water Pollution Controls for Next Six Years, National League of Cities and U.S. Conference of Mayors, 23330-23337.

23330-23337; July 8, 1970; In Extensions of Remarks, Muskie inserts a series of detailed tables prepared by the National League of Cities and the U.S. Conference of mayors, enumerating the waste water treatment needs of the country for the following 6 years. These two organizations were extremely active at this time in seeking to modify the way that the states provided federal pollution-control funds to cities and smaller towns.

Oceans: environmental control, 26289.

Environment: Ocean seabeds, 26289.

Seabed convention: importance, 26289

26289; July 29, 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement urging the President to act on his proposal for a strong international authority over the seabed and subsoil beyond a 200-meter distance in advance of the anticipated August convening of the U.N. Seabeds Committee. International attention to oceans and seabeds was intense during the decade of the 1970s, and although Muskie began the decade as an internationalist, by the middle of the period, intensive and expansive Soviet fisheries fleets led him to endorse the 200-mile national ocean limit later.

Resource Recovery Act of 1970, by, 26698, 35514.

26698; July 31, 1970; The Senate debates the Resource Recovery Act of 1970 in the absence of Muskie, and Senator Mansfield (D-Montana) enters the Muskie and Randolph statements on the bill in the Record. The bill is passed.

35514; October 7, 1970; Senator Randolph (D-West Virginia) presents the conference report on the Resource Recovery Act of 1970, H.R. 11833, and inserts a Muskie statement in Muskie’s absence.

Air pollution legislation, 26854.

26854; July 31, 1970; Representative Anderson (R- Illinois) makes a statement commending the Administration on its clean air record and pointing out that the existing 1967 law on clean air is inadequate to do the job, contrary to what Muskie claims. The Nixon Administration made a strong effort to be identified with pro-environmental legislation, and often enlisted Republican Congressmen and Senators to carry the Administration’s arguments in Congress. Congressman Anderson subsequently made a run for president as an independent in 1980.

Environmental Quality Report, Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, R. E. Train, 28662.

Environmental Policy Act: military compliance, 28658-28662, 28669-28671.

28658-28671; August 13, 1970; During debate on the military procurement bill, a Proxmire (D-Wisconsin) amendment requiring the Department of Defense to fully comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) under pain of being unable to spend any of its appropriated funds illustrates the ways in which far-reaching environmental law was gradually implemented into federal governmental operations. The law was signed on January 1, 1970, and thus had been in effect fewer than eight months when this amendment was proposed. Muskie makes the case that the original law contains no such sanctions (denial of funds) and recommends that the proposed sanctions receive committee consideration. Muskie also inserts part of the hearing record of the first Council on Environmental Quality, which he chaired, and which illustrates that the Council has not had the time or the staff to adequately monitor NEPA reports.

Creating Environmental Protection Agency, by, 29296.

29296; August 18, 1970; Senator Eagleton (D-Missouri) inserts a copy of Muskie’s testimony on the reorganization plan proposed by President Nixon for the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency. Muskie supports the gist of the proposal and raises additional questions about elements of environmental monitoring that ought to be included in the new agency.

Public works and Atomic Energy Commission: amend bill (H.R. 18127) making appropriations for, 29610.

29610; August 20, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of a number of Senators cosponsoring a Nelson (D-Wisconsin) amendment to H.R. 18127, the public works appropriations bill. The amendment was an effort by Senator Nelson to add funding for the studies of watersheds contaminated by pesticides, and vessel and oil pollution which were authorized in the major water pollution bill that was passed in April of 1970, but not fully funded in the regular appropriations cycle.

Public works: bill (H.R. 18127) making appropriations, 29766, 29770, 29771

Water pollution: appropriations, 29766

Memorandum: Federal cost for grants for waste treatment plants, Senate Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, 29767.

Public Works Appropriation Bill, 1971, Senator Montoya, 29767.

Table: New Mexico-public works projects, 29768.

29770, 29771; August 24, 1971; During discussion of the Public Works appropriation, Muskie makes a comment about the failure of the House of Representatives to provide funding for the Dickey-Lincoln project

29766; August 24, 1970; Muskie comments on the funding provided in the public works appropriation, H.R. 18127, for the cost of already-promised waste water treatment funds for the states.

29767: The Montoya statement and New Mexico charts are listed in the Muskie index in error. Senator Eagleton, as floor manager, inserted the Montoya statement and attachments, but they are unrelated to the Muskie comment.

Air pollution: health costs, 30198.

Air Pollution and Human Health, Lester B. Lave and Eugene P. Seskin, 30198

30198; August 27, 1970; Muskie describes and includes a report from the American Association for the Advancement of Science which takes an in-depth look at the probable dollar costs of the health effects of air pollution.

Development of Supersonic Transport, Committee on Appropriations, by, 30510.

30510; August 31, 1970; Muskie introduces a copy of his testimony opposing the Supersonic Transport (SST) airplane project before the Senate Appropriations Committee. In June 1963, following the British-French contract to construct a supersonic plane and the June 4, 1963 announcement by Pan Am airlines that it had a purchase option for 6 of the craft, President Kennedy announced he was willing to spend up to $750 million tax dollars to fund the development of an American supersonic airplane. In 1970, at the time of this testimony, $700 million had already been spent and the Nixon Administration was requesting an additional $290 million. In its time, the American SST was a highly controversial issue, pitting the west coast airplane manufacturers and their workers against environmentalists and fiscal conservatives, who opposed the use of federal tax dollars for the development of a private sector airplane.

First victims of Pollution, C. Remsberg, Good Housekeeping, 32397.

32397; September 17, 1970; Muskie inserts an article from the magazine Good Housekeeping which describes in detail three different effects of polluted air, water pollution and oil pollution. This article is quite typical of the kind of information then being disseminated by mainstream magazines.

Air Quality Standards Act of 1970: bill (S. 4358) to enact, 32900-32907, 32920, 32922, 32926-32928, 33077, 33079-33080, 33087-33091, 33093-33099, 33101-33105, 33120.

Report: Citizen Suits, Clean Air Act, 32925.

Report: Vehicle compliance Testing, Committee on Public Works, 33094.

Air Quality Standards Act of 1970: amend bill (S. 4358) to enact, 33077, 33101.

Memorandum: Response to comments of Senator Hruska relative to S. 4358, 33102.

Report: Federal Procurement Relative to Pollution Control, Committee on Public Works, 33101.

32900-32907; September 21, 1970; Muskie makes his opening statement on the first day of debate on the National Air Quality Standards Act, which bears the bill number, S.4358. He discusses in particular the impact on the automobile industry and engages in a brief exchange about this with Senator Griffin (R- Michigan).

32920; September 21; 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement of thanks to his colleagues on the Committee after Senators Cooper (R- Kentucky) and Spong (D-Virginia) have taken their turn to speak and then compliments Senator Baker (R-Tennessee) who proceeds to speak.

32922; September 21, 1970; In the course of making his remarks about the clean air bill, Senator Eagleton (D-Missouri) compliments Muskie’s leadership in the field.

32926; September 21, 1970; Muskie responds briefly to the comments made by Senator Hruska (R-Nebraska) about the provision in the bill that would permit citizens’ suits to enforce air quality standards.

32927; September 21, 1970; Muskie responds briefly to a Baker (R-Tennessee) amendment which would ensure that auto manufacturers not pass on any costs for clean air warranties to auto dealers.

33077; September 22, 1970; Following statements by the Chairman of the Commerce Committee, describing the cooperation between the two committees on transportation-related pollution, and the Chairman of the Committee, Senator Baker’s (R-Tennessee) amendment on dealer warranties is voice voted, and a Muskie technical amendment to clarify references to the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare as also meaning the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency is accepted.

33079-33080, 33087-33088; September 22, 1970; Muskie expresses support for a Dole (R-Kansas) amendment which would require that the potential 1-year standards delay for auto emissions in the bill be reviewed by the Congress, rather than by the courts. This was a lengthy debate, which largely consisted of the arguments made by the automotive industry.

33089-33096; September 22, 1970; Muskie calls up a Low-Emission Vehicle amendment, which is accepted on a voice vote, and engages in a discussion of the automotive performance warranty in the bill.

33097; September 22, 1970; As the bill manager, Muskie briefly discusses and accepts two Baker (R-Tennessee) amendments dealing with licensing and royalties on pollution cleanup technologies, and Randolph (D-West Virginia) amendments dealing with state authority over aircraft engines and the establishment of technologically knowledgeable consultative committees to help establish the technical feasibility of cleanup technology.

33101-33105; September 22, 1970; Muskie discusses with Senator Cook (D-Kentucky) the provisions in the bill dealing with government procurement, a Cooper (R-Kentucky) amendment requiring regular reports to the Congress, a Mathias (R-Maryland) proposal that the make and model of tested automobiles be publicized, and reprises his discussion of the previous day on the distinctions between citizen enforcement suits, which the bill authorizes, and class action suits. He then asks that the House bill be substituted for the Senate bill, that it be stripped of its provisions and the Senate provisions substituted, and asks for the yeas and nays on final passage. This final action is routine on bills that have been through one House of Congress and are about to be voted on by the other. It is carried out on in some form on virtually all bills.

Letter: Reduction of automobile pollution emissions, E. N. Cole, 33106.

33106; September 22, 1970; During debate on the Clean Air Act, Senator Griffin (R-Michigan) claims that Muskie quoted the President of General Motors out of context, and inserts the full text of the quoted letter to illustrate his claim. Senator Griffin was the champion of the auto industry in this debate.

Pollution Showdown: Cooper and Company Versus Detroit, L. Pardue, Louisville Courier- Journal and Times, 33120.

33120; September 22, 1970; Following the roll call vote on the Clean Air Act, which passed 73-0, Muskie inserts an article from a Kentucky paper highlighting the efforts of Senator Cooper (R-Kentucky) in connection with the bill.

Department of Transportation and related agencies: amend bill (H.R. 17755) making appropriations for, 34708.

34708; October 1, 1970; Muskie’s name is added as a cosponsor of a Proxmire (D-Wisconsin) amendment to the Department of Transportation appropriations bill, which would strike all funds for the SST, the supersonic transport airplane.

Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970: amend bill (S. 4418) to enact, 34742, 34743.

Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970, by, 34749.

34742; October 2, 1970; In Muskie’s absence, Senator Boggs (R-Delaware) offers an amendment to the federal-aid highway bill, S. 4418, permitting the Governor of a state to allocate a portion of the state’s federal highway dollars to the construction of public transit in communities of 50,000 persons or more. Senator Javits (R-New York) is the cosponsor of this amendment. Muskie had offered this proposal during the Public Works Committee’s deliberations but, according to the Committee Chairman, Senator Randolph (D-West Virginia) found no support for it within the Committee. In the Individual Views which Muskie then filed in the report on the highway bill, he announced he intended to offer proposals in the subsequent Congress to make the highway trust fund more flexible as a means of financing other forms of transportation than highways alone. The purpose of introducing this amendment was primarily to establish that the Committee would hold hearings on such proposals in the subsequent Congress. The amendment was then withdrawn. The battle to open up the highway trust fund was fiercely resisted by the highway transportation industry. This was one of the opening shots.

34743; October 2, 1970; Muskie is listed as a cosponsor of Senator Cooper’s (R-Kentucky) amendment to S.4418, the federal-aid highway bill. The amendment directed the Secretary of Transportation to develop regulations for alleviating transportation bottlenecks which arise in multi-state areas, so as to speed the process by which regional transportation programs can be developed and built. The serving Transportation Secretary had said in hearings that he hoped to do this beginning perhaps in 1972. One purpose of the amendment was to speed up this process.

34749; October 2, 1970; Senator Muskie joined in the Individual Views of Senator Cooper (R-Kentucky) in the report on the federal-aid highway bill with respect to Cooper’s proposal to broaden the planning provisions of the highway program beyond each state’s highway department to encourage planning for a broader intermodal transportation mix in heavily traveled corridors. During debate on the bill, Senator Cooper inserted this statement.

Administration Challenged To Support senate-passed Air Pollution Bill, by, 36032.

New Directions and New Philosophies In Environmental Protection, by, 36033.

36032, 36033; October 9, 1970; In 1970, the Democratic Policy Council, a creation of the Congressional Democrats, held hearings to publicize the Democratic Party’s legislative goals. Like other Democratic Members of the Senate, Muskie appeared before Council on issues in which he took the leadership role. In this case, two days after the Senate passed the clean air bill, Muskie made a statement and entered one for the record, challenging the Nixon administration to respond to the environmental crisis.

Environmental Protection Policy, West Side Community Conference, New York City, by,36145.

36145 [Item begins page 36144]; October 12, 1970; In the House of Representatives, Congressman Ryan (D-New York), inserts the text of a Muskie statement made at the 10^th annual West Side Community Conference on the subject of clean air.

Committee on the Environment (Joint): resolution (S.J. Res. 207) to establish, 37918.

37918; November 18, 1970; Muskie speaks in support of S. J. Res. 207, when the Senate adopts this joint resolution to create a Joint Committee on the Environment, which he has long championed.

Advertisement: Mass Transportation, Mobil Oil Co., New York Times, 38492.

38492; November 23, 1970; Muskie speaks favorably about a Mobil company advertisement for mass transit. At this time, the highway trust fund to which federal gasoline taxes were exclusively dedicated was coming under increasing attack from a broad array of private and public interests, and it was often couched in terms of what was then seen as the nation’s crumbling mass transit systems.

Department of Transportation and related agencies: bill (HR. 17755) making appropriations, 39766-39768, 39770, 42700.

Supersonic transport: funds, 39766-39770, 42700.

Pan Am, TWA Seeking Tests Before Buying Concorde Jets, R. J. Samuelson, 39770.

Letter: Environmental impact of SST by, and Senator Proxmire, 39879.

Senate: privilege of the floor, 42700.

39766-39768, 39770; December 3, 1970; During Senate consideration of the Transportation Department appropriations bill, H.R. 17755, Muskie speaks in support of the Proxmire (D-Wisonsin) amendment, which would strike all funds supporting the supersonic aircraft program, and offers news clips which support his point of view.

39879: December 3, 1970; In Extensions of Remarks, Congressman Kyros (D-Maine) inserts a joint Muskie-Proxmire letter to the Secretary of Transportation, John Volpe, requesting, in compliance with the National Environmental Protection Act, a copy of the response of federal agencies to questions about the environmental impact of the supersonic aircraft (SST).

42700; December 19, 1970; During consideration of the conference report on the Transportation Department appropriations bill, H.R. 17755, opponents of the supersonic transport (SST) program indicated they would filibuster the conference report because it was returned to the Senate with “compromise” SST funding, although the Senate had voted 52-41 to eliminate the program. In the course of this fight, Muskie makes a floor statement defending the action to eliminate funds for the SST and countering some of the arguments made about the special nature of the aerospace industry.

Pollution: Navy dumps oil off Florida, 39805

Atlantic Ocean: Navy dumps oil in, 39805.

Letter: Navy dumps oil off Florida, Senators Cooper and Randolph (sundry), 39805.

Navy: oil sludge dumping by, 39805, 39806.

New Oil Slick Threat, 39806.

Navy Dumping Forms Oil Slick off Florida, Washington Post, 39806.

Three Oil Companies Fined In Violations at Offshore Wells, 39806.

39805, 39806; December 3, 1970; Muskie makes a statement on the Navy’s dumping of oil sludge off the North coast of Florida, which the Navy claimed was justified by the Oil Spills Act of 1924. Muskie points out that this law was repealed eight months earlier, and announces that an emergency hearing of the Public Works Committee will be called to investigate.

Rivers and harbors: amend bill (S.4572) authorizing flood control and construction, 40616.

40616; December 9, 1970; During debate on the Rivers and Harbors bill, Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of a Javits amendment to alter the law so that the federal matching share of certain projects could be properly calculated. Javits claims that because hurricane protection projects get a 70% federal match and beach erosion projects have a 50% match, the Army Corps of Engineers has tried to apportion which share of a project would belong to which category, as a result of which the overall average federal match turns out to be 56% in practice, even though up to 70% is available. The amendment would have changed the language of the law so that Corps would no longer have been able to claim it was required to apportion money between projects.

Clean Air Amendments of 1970: bill (H.R. 17255) to enact, 42381-42383, 42386, 42387, 42391-42394.

Report: Clean Air Amendments of 1970, conference report, 42384.

42381-42385; December 18, 1970; The Senate takes up and approves the conference report on H.R. 17255, the Clean Air Act of 1970. A brief reference to the lateness of Administration comment brings in the only note of partisanship in an otherwise laudatory round of Senatorial self-congratulation.

NATIONAL SECURITY/FOREIGN AFFAIRS

1970 91st Congress, 2nd Session

Ceylon Independence Day, 2400.

2400; February 4, 1970; Muskie takes note on the occasion of the 22^nd anniversary of the independence of Ceylon from British rule and makes a very brief statement congratulating the nation on its achievements. Ceylon has been called Sri Lanka since 1972.

Chemical warfare weapons: detoxification and destruction of (see S. Res. 313), 4266.

4266; February 20, 1970; Muskie’s name is added to S. Res. 313, a Packwood (R-Oregon) resolution putting the Senate on record as urging the detoxification and destruction of weapons of chemical warfare.

Appointed to attend Canada-United States Interparliamentary Conference, 4318.

4318; February 20, 1970; Along with other Senators, Muskie is appointed to attend the 13^th Canada-United States Interparliamentary Conference in Washington D.C., March 10 to March 15, 1970.

Declaration in Support of Peace in the Middle East, by, 4856.

4856; February 25,1970; Senator Case (D-New Jersey) and Tydings (D-Maryland) publish a Declaration in Support of Peace in the Middle East which has been signed by 64 of their colleagues, including Muskie, whose name appears on the list.

Challenge of the 1970's – A New Look at Foreign Assistance, International Development Conference, by, 5265.

5265; February 27, 1970; Senator Eagleton (D-Missouri) inserts the text of a Muskie speech on the question of restructuring foreign aid to make it less dependent on year to year Congressional votes, given before the International Development Conference in February 1970.

Lithuanian Independence, 5993.

5993; March 4, 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement on the lost independence of Lithuania, and expresses the hope that Lithuanian independence can be restored.

Vietnam Debate, National Press Club, by, 6147.

6147; March 5, 1970; Senator Mansfield (D-Montana) inserts a copy of the speech Muskie gave on March 5 at the National Press Club, outlining the debate over Vietnam. Muskie’s argument was that the Nixon Vietnamization of the war would never lead to an end to the war but would instead prolong American engagement in Vietnam, while at the same time mollifying the public and the press into acquiescence. Subsequent events seem to bear out this diagnosis.

Vietnam proposal, 6879, 11784.

6879; March 11, 1970; Senator Bellmon (R-Oklahoma) attacks Muskie’s Press Club speech on Vietnam, saying it is a thinly-veiled proposition to cut and run. This is a typical example of the efforts the Nixon Administration made against Muskie and others who criticized Nixon’s conduct of the war in Vietnam. While the Administration was making efforts to reduce American troops in Vietnam it simultaneously attacked its opponents, real and perceived, in the most extreme terms. Senator Bellmon was one of those engaged in this process.

11784; April 15, 1970; Senator Bellmon (R-Oklahoma) mentions Muskie in another attack on opposition to the Nixon Administration’s handling of the war in Vietnam. This skirmishing between the parties on the question of the war was exacerbated by the perception on the Republican side that Muskie was a viable Democratic presidential possibility and by the continued undercurrent of public suspicion that the Nixon administration’s war policies were not entirely to be trusted.

Lodge, Henry Cabot: Paris negotiations, 9572, 9573.

Vietnam: Paris negotiation sessions, 9572, 9573.

Nixon, Richard M.: Paris negotiation, 9572, 9573.

Griffin, Robert P.: colloquy, 9573.

9572, 9573; March 26, 1970; Muskie makes a statement commenting that the Administration’s troop withdrawals from Vietnam would leave 225,000 American troops in Vietnam by the end of 1971, and that the Paris peace negotiations have apparently been deliberately downgraded. The continuing national debate over Vietnam was strongly affected by President Nixon’s decision to withdraw troops, which to a large extent diluted the public demand for an end to the war, although it did not entirely end the debate.

Foreign policy: Southeast Asia, 10291.

France: Indochina proposal, 10291.

Vietnam: U.S. policy, 10291.

Events Proving Out Thesis of a Second Indochina War, Stanley Karnow, 10292

Indochina: French proposal to parley, 10291.

Vietnam -Tran Ngoc Chau Case (sundry), 10292-10295.

Southeast Asia: situation report, 10291, 12795.

Vietnam: era of negotiations, 12795.

Lesson of Laos, Washington Post, 12795

Nixon, Richard M.: Vietnam policy, 12795.

President and the Generals, James Reston, 12796.

Generals' Wish for Flexibility In Pullout, Max Frankel, New York Times, 12796

10291, 10292-10295; April 3, 1970; Muskie makes a second statement about the lagging negotiations over Vietnam, and includes news stories and columns illustrating the point that the U.S. policy was in danger of giving South Vietnamese President Thieu effective veto power over any peace negotiations.

 

12795; April 23, 1970; Muskie makes a statement in response to a speech by President Nixon announcing his plans for the war in Vietnam. Because Nixon had campaigned on the claim that he would promptly end the American involvement in Vietnam, the Administration was under pressure to do so, but the President’s own disinclination to appear to have cut and run made this a difficult balancing act.

U.S. Lack of Scholarly Competence on Vietnam is Called a Scandal, W.H. Jones, Chronicle of Higher Education, 10410.

10410; April 6, 1970; Muskie inserts an article from the Chronicles of Higher Education which makes the point that there are no U.S. studies programs on Vietnam and few if any academic experts on Vietnam in the United States. At the time, many people felt that with more information or knowledge about Vietnam, the war might not have progressed as far as it did. Whether or not this is an accurate perception, it was widely felt.

Russia: resolution (S. Res. 211) favoring prompt arms negotiations with, 11031-11034.

SALT: negotiations, 11031-11034.

MIRV: testing, 11031-11034.

11031-11034; April 9, 1970; During debate on S. Res. 211, a resolution seeking agreement with the Soviet Union on limits to offensive and defensive strategic weapons, Muskie makes his statement on strategic negotiations with the Soviet Union for an end to the arms race, and warns that the newly-developed MIRV missiles constitute a real threat to the hope of such an agreement. MIRV is the acronym for Multiple Independently-targeted Re-entry Vehicles, meaning that a single missile could be equipped with several nuclear warheads, each aimed at a different target. The potential of MIRVing all U.S. missiles was that U.S. missile strength could be massively increased by undetectable means. During the cold war, U.S. and Soviet governments made it a priority to use all the tools at their disposal to be aware of nuclear weapons developments by the other side.

Era of Negotiations in Vietnam, by, 11247.

11247; April 10, 1970; Senator Mansfield (D-Montana) inserts a statement by Muskie in his absence from the Senate, which continues his remarks about the unsatisfactory status of the Paris peace negotiations over Vietnam. He points out that American casualties have hit a new high level, and that over one-quarter of all American casualties have occurred since President Nixon took office.

World Environmental Institute: create (see S. Res. 399), 13097.

13097; April 27, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the Senate cosponsors of S. Res. 399, a Magnuson (D-Washington) resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that a World Environmental Institute be created to help respond to the environmental problems becoming apparent on a global basis.

Humane treatment for captured American servicemen: designate day for appeal for international Justice (see S. Con. Res. 62),13623.

13623; April 30, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the Senate cosponsors of S. Con. Res. 62, a Dole (R-Kansas) concurrent resolution expressing the sense of the Congress with respect to the compassionate treatment of American POWs.

Prisoners of war: treatment, 13630.

Vietnam: American prisoners in North, 13630, 32993.

Prisoners of war: treatment by North Vietnam of American, 32993.

13630; April 30, 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement about the American POWs in the hands of the North Vietnamese urging their treatment be guided by the Geneva Convention on the treatment of prisoners.

32993; [Actually p. 32994] September 22, 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement about the POW situation, pointing out that ending the war is crucial to the goal of freeing Americans held in North Vietnamese captivity. At this time, demands for the return of our prisoners had become a constant Administration refrain, which helped serve the Administration’s goal of redirecting domestic attention from the manner in which the war was being pursued.

Cambodian Developments, by, 13690.

13690; April 30, 1970; Muskie inserts a statement he made in reaction to the administration’s decision to provide military assistance to the government of Cambodia. The overthrow of the Cambodian government of Prince Sihanouk in the previous month had encouraged the South Vietnamese army to make incursions into Cambodia seeking the elusive Viet Cong supply points. At this time, the bombing of Cambodia since March 1969 was not generally known in the U.S.

Foreign Military Sales Act: amend bill (H.R. 15628) to amend, 14823, 19453.

14823; May 11, 1970; Muskie introduces his amendment 621 to H.R. 15628, the Foreign Military Sales Act, and explains that the March 1970 approval in South Vietnam of a land reform program underlies his proposal that $200 million be made available annually to speed the implementation of land reform, as part of the U.S. effort to disengage from Vietnam while hoping to preserve South Vietnamese sovereignty.

19453; June 11, 1970; Muskie is added as a cosponsor to a Gravel (D-Alaska) amendment, No. 671, to H.R.15628, to amend the Foreign Military Sales Act by limiting U.S. military engagement in Cambodia.

Indochina: declaring policy for peace in (see S. Res. 405),14823.

14823; May 11, 1970; Notice only of Muskie’s introduction of S. Res. 405, setting forth a peace policy for Indochina, in reaction to the Nixon Administration’s military incursion into Cambodia. The Cambodian incursion came as a shock to Americans, because it was announced just ten days after President Nixon had announced that he planned to withdraw another 150,000 American troops over the next 12 months.

Aircraft, missiles, naval vessels, and tracked combat vehicles: amend bill (H.R. 17123) to authorize appropriations for procurement of, 14825, 27234, 27268, 28229, 28740, 30453, 30690.

14825; May 11, 1970; Muskie’s name is added as a cosponsor to Amendment 609 to H.R. 17123, the military procurement bill, which was the Hatfield-McGovern amendment to end the war in Vietnam by withholding funds for it.

27234, 27268; August 4, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of the Hart (D-Michigan) Cooper (R-Kentucky) amendment (No. 819) to the military authorization bill, H.R. 17123; the amendment would limit the Safeguard missile deployment to two sites already approved, pending the outcome of the arms negotiations with the Soviets.

28229; August 11, 1970; Muskie is added as a cosponsor to a Williams (D- New Jersey) amendment to the military procurement bill, H.R.17123, to increase by 50% the strength of the Coast Guard Reserve.

28740: August 13, 1970; When Senator Williams (D-New Jersey) calls up his coast Guard Reserve amendment, Muskie’s name is listed among the cosponsors. Muskie makes clear in a brief statement that he is cosponsoring this amendment primarily because of the role of the Coast Guard under the new oil spills legislation.

Events in Indochina, members of San Francisco Bar, 14840.

List: Concern over Indochina, San Francisco lawyers, 14840.

14840; May 11, 1970; Muskie inserts a statement of concern about Vietnam from the legal community in San Francisco, expressing quite fully the range of concerns Americans felt at the time over the expansion of the war into Cambodia with no apparent end in sight.

Indochina: Resolution (S. Res. 405) declaring a policy for peace, 14864-14871.

Letter: Peace In Vietnam, exchange of correspondence between President Nixon and Ho Chi Minh (1969), 14869.

14864-14871, 14869; May 11, 1970; Muskie makes his introductory statement on S. Res. 405, a resolution to end the military action in Southeast Asia, and then engages in debate with several Senators over their differing points of view on the value of the Cambodian incursion and the weapons and materiel seized.

Cost of War in Vietnam, Colby College, Maine, by, 15074.

15074; May 12, 1970; Senator Hart inserts the text of a Muskie speech at Colby College, Waterville, Maine, on the invasion of Cambodia. On that occasion, Muskie met with students from other Maine colleges, and described his resolution to bring an end to military action in Southeast Asia.

Israel's 22d Anniversary, by, 15405.

15405; May 13, 1970; Senator Hart inserts a brief Muskie statement on the 22^nd anniversary of Israel. Muskie spoke at the American-Israel Public Affairs Committee luncheon, and noted that recent belligerence from Israel’s neighbors was cause for concern.

Set a Date In Vietnam, Clark Clifford, Life magazine, 16049.

16049; May 19, 1970; Muskie inserts an article from Life magazine by former Defense Secretary Clark Clifford, arguing that the Nixon pursuit of the war will never bring it to an end, and suggesting that a date certain be set for leaving Vietnam.

Standing Up for Peace, Michael Kernan, Washington Post, 17143.

17142, 17143; May 26,1970; Muskie notes that a career federal worker at the Commerce Department has taken vacation so that he could demonstrate against the war by standing outside the Department daily.

Congress: joint session to hear five students on war in Indochina (see S. Con. Res. 71), 17360.

Joint Meeting of Congress: resolution (S. Con. Res. 71) to provide opportunity to hear students on war and peace, 17360.

17360; May 28, 1970; Muskie introduces S. Con. Res. 71, a concurrent resolution calling for a joint session of the Congress to hear the words of five students on the subject of the war in Vietnam. Muskie was asked to do this by Maine students with whom he and other politicians met in the wake of the Cambodian invasion.

Foreign Military Sales Act: bill (H.R. 15628) to enact, 18014, 18911.

Cambodia, U.S. involvement in, 18014, 18911.

18014; June 3, 1970; During debate on H.R. 15628, the foreign military sales bill, Muskie speaks briefly against the effect of the Dole POW amendment to the Cooper-Church amendment, which attempts to limit U.S. expansion of the war in Cambodia. The Dole amendment would have permitted the President to keep troops in Cambodia if any American were held as a prisoner in that country.

18911; June 9, 1970; During debate on H.R. 15628, the Foreign Military Sales bill, Muskie took to the floor to reemphasize the point made by Senator Mansfield (D-Montana) that the effect of the Cambodian incursion had been an unexpectedly major negative reaction by Americans in the U.S., and that passage of the Cooper-Church amendment, designed to limit that incursion, would send a calming message to the country.

Letter: Jets for Israel, Secretary William Rogers, by, 18044.

18044; June 3, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of 73 Senators who have signed a letter to Secretary of State William Rogers requesting a meeting to encourage the sale of additional U.S. jet aircraft to Israel in light of the Soviet arms buildup in the Middle East. In the years after the six-day war of 1967, in which Israel defeated the massed Arab armies, Soviet influence, arms, and presence had grown in the Arab Middle East, especially Egypt, which in 1968 declared a war of attrition against Israel, which led to sporadic but unceasing exchanges of shellfire across the Suez Canal, as well as incursions into Israel by Palestinian raiders. The introduction of Soviet manpower seemed to many to be an escalation of the conflict in the region, and Israel’s supporters worked to ensure her defenses.

Cambodia, President's action, 18291.

Nixon, Richard M.: Cambodian claims, 18291.

View From Saigon, R. G. Kaiser, Washington Post, 18292.

U.S. Aides in Saigon Question Policy, T. Smith, New York Times, 18293.

Laos, Cambodia Fighting To Continue for 2 Years, Washington Post, 18294

18291, 18292, 18293; June 4, 1970; Muskie comments on a televised Nixon speech about the Cambodian invasion and its success, expressing his doubts, and inserting news stories which contradict elements of Nixon’s claims.

Polish Armed Forces Day in France, 19111

19111; June 10, 1970; Muskie notes that France has declared Polish Armed Forces Day to unveil two French monuments to the soldiers of the Free Forces. The Free Forces consisted of Poles who fled their country after it was attacked in 1939 by Germany from the West and the Soviet Union from the east, and volunteered to fight alongside Allied forces in World War II.

Baltic States: Independence, 21412.

21412; June 25, 1970; Muskie notes that four years earlier, the Senate agreed to a House Concurrent Resolution asking the President to take actions to draw world attention to the denial of self-determination for the peoples of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and reproduces the resolution at the request of the Lithuanian national congress.

Vietnam policy, 22946.

Out of Indochina in 18 Months, New York Times, by, 22946.

22946; July 7, 1970; Senators Church (D-Idaho) and Mondale (D-Minnesota) both endorse and insert Muskie’s article from the New York Times magazine arguing for a U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam within 18 months.

Vietnam: legislation relative to treatment of political prisoners in South, 24116.

Vietnam: affect treatment of prisoners in (see S. Con. Res. 74), 24116.

Text: Senate Concurrent Resolution 74, treatment of political prisoners in South Vietnam, 24116.

24116; July 14, 1970; Muskie introduces a resolution, S. Con. Res. 74, dealing with the conditions under which the government of South Vietnam is keeping its political opponents imprisoned in the “tiger cages” of Con San prison.

Navy Target Practice on Culebra (sundry), 24142-24149.

24142-24149; July 14, 1970; Muskie makes a statement about the Navy’s use of the Puerto Rican island of Culebra for target practice, an issue that had been publicized in several popular magazines at the time.

Letter: Support for U.S. policy in Middle East, President Nixon, by, 27824, 27832.

27824; August 7, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of 71 Senators who have written Nixon a letter in support of his Middle East policy. Senator Dole (R-Kansas) inserts the letter during debate on the military procurement bill.

27832; August 7, 1970; Senator Bayh inserts a letter signed by 71 Senators to the President, and another to the Secretary of State, also signed by 73 Senators, urging that the Administration approve the sale of fighter jet aircraft to Israel. Muskie’s name is listed but there is no Muskie statement.

Aircraft, missiles, naval vessels, and tracked combat vehicles: bill (H.R. 17123) to authorize appropriations for procurement of, 26968, 28271-28276. 28658-28662, 28669-28671, 28744, 30452-30462, 30464, 30500, 30678, 30689, 30690-30701, 30703.

Military procurement: DD-963 class destroyers, 26968.

DD-963 class destroyers: procurement, 26968.

Military procurement: appropriations, 28271-28276, 28658-28662, 28669-28671, 28744.

Antiballistic missile system: deployment, 28271-28276.

Petition: stop the ABM system, 28275-28280.

Aircraft, missiles, naval vessels, and tracked combat vehicles: Bill H.R.17123) to authorize appropriations for: (McCarthy amendment), 29450.

Guidelines: Use of Force in Civil Disorders, Department of the Army, 29450.

DD-963 destroyer program, 30452-30462, 30464, 30690-30701.

Text: Article XXVI from Litton contract, 30456.

DD-963 Destroyer Program, W. J. McNeil, 30453.

Vietnam: withdrawal of troops from (McGovern-Hatfield amendment), 30500, 30678

Amendment to End the Shell Game, Washington Post, 30678.

Vietnam: sending of draftees to (Proxmire-Nelson-Hughes amendment), 30689

26968; August 3, 1970; Muskie introduces an amendment to H.R. 17123 the military procurement authorization bill, requiring the contract for a DD963 class destroyers to be equally split between two domestic shipyards.

 

28271-28276; August 11, 1970; During debate on H.R. 17123, the military procurement bill, Muskie speaks against deployment of the Safeguard ABM (anti-ballistic missile) system, making the argument that there can be no winner in the nuclear arms race. He debates with Tower and others, and inserts a petition that lists thousands of names of people opposing the Safeguard. At this time, arms control experts argued that the rough parity then existing between Soviet and American nuclear arsenals perpetuated the primary goal of nuclear arms, mutual deterrence, and that additional nuclear weaponry was not needed for national security. Opponents of this view disagreed.

28658-28671; August 13, 1970; During debate on the military procurement bill, a Proxmire (D-Wisconsin) amendment requiring the Department of Defense to fully comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) under pain of being unable to spend any of its appropriated funds illustrates the ways in which far-reaching environmental law was gradually implemented into federal governmental operations. The law was signed on January 1, 1970, and thus had been in effect fewer than eight months when this amendment was proposed. Muskie makes the case that the original law contains no such sanctions (denial of funds) and recommends that the proposed sanctions receive committee consideration. Muskie also inserts part of the hearing record of the first Council on Environmental Quality, which he chaired, and which illustrates that the Council has not had the time or the staff to adequately monitor NEPA reports.

28744: August 13, 1970; When Senator Williams (D-New Jersey) calls up his coast Guard Reserve amendment, Muskie’s name is listed among the cosponsors. Muskie makes clear in a brief statement that he is cosponsoring this amendment primarily because of the role of the Coast Guard under the new oil spills legislation.

29450; August 19, 1970; During debate on the military procurement bill, H.R. 17123, Muskie speaks on a McCarthy (D- Minnesota) amendment which would have required presidential approval before any Governor could issue live ammunition to the National Guard in his state. During the immediately preceding years and in 1970, civil unrest and urban riots had resulted in many Governors using the National Guard to augment police in keeping public order. But when National Guardsmen in Ohio shot and killed demonstrating students at Kent State University in May, 1970, there was substantial public alarm about this use of the National Guard.

30452-30462, 30464: August 31, 1970; Muskie begins the debate on his amendment to alter the single-source procurement contract for thirty DD-963 destroyers by making the argument that a blue-ribbon defense panel specifically recommended this, and by pointing out that a 10% loss on a $3 billion contract would exceed the value of any single shipyard in the country.

30690-30703; September 1, 1970; In the final debate on Muskie’s DD-963 amendment to H.R. 17123, the military procurement bill, Muskie again makes the argument that the national interest demands that shipbuilding capability be retained in more than one shipyard, is disputed by Senator Stennis (D-Mississippi) and others, and the vote is taken.

30500; August 31, 1970; Muskie makes a statement in support of the Hatfield-McGovern amendment to establish a date certain for the withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam.

30678; September 1, 1970; During continued debate on the military procurement bill, Muskie makes another brief statement and inserts a newspaper editorial in support of the McGovern-Hatfield date-certain withdrawal amendment. This debate excerpt illustrates well the tone of the Vietnam debates in the Senate at this time.

30689; September 1, 1970; The debate on Proxmire (D-Wisconsin) amendment to the military procurement bill illustrates the perverse incentives that the Selective Service System created for young American men at the time. The Proxmire amendment would have barred the use of funds to send draftees to Vietnam, based on the facts that while draftees made up 11% of the military, they were over 66% of Vietnam battle deaths. Muskie spoke against the amendment, although regretfully.

Land Reform Comes to Vietnam, by, 29723.

Real Land Reform Comes to Vietnam, Roy L. Prosterman, Baltimore Sun, 29724.

29723, 29724; August 21, 1970; Senator Packwood (R-Oregon) asks that a Muskie statement on Vietnamese land reform be included, along with an article seeking to put the newly-enacted South Vietnamese land reform program into perspective.

Committee on Treatment of Prisoners of War (Joint) : establish (see S. Con. Res. 80),30303.

30303; August 28, 1970; Muskie is added as a cosponsor to a Byrd (D- West Virginia) concurrent resolution, S. Con. Res. 80, to establish a Joint Committee to examine the treatment of American Prisoners of War.

Culebra Island: Navy's use of, 32405.

32405; September 17, 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement about the continued intransigence of the Navy with respect to using the inhabited island of Culebra as a bombing range. He notes that if informal efforts to persuade the Navy to choose an alternative are unsuccessful, the only appropriate remedy is to act legislatively and asks that he be added as a cosponsor to the Goodell (R- New York) amendment to the military construction bill, which would achieve this.

Armed Forces: create fair and equitable system for providing economic security to surviving dependents of career members (see bill S. 4015), 32837.

32837; September 21, 1970; Muskie’s name is added to S.4015, a Murphy (R- California) bill providing for the creation of a system of survivors’ benefits for the widows and families of career military personnel similar to the pension and life insurance benefits available to the surviving families of civilian government personnel.

Vietnam: attempt rescue of American prisoners of war in North, 38633, 38634.

Prisoners of war: attempt rescue of American, 38633, 38634.

38633, 38634; November 24, 1970; Muskie makes a statement about an abortive effort launched by the Administration to use a small military force to rescue POWs from North Vietnam. President Nixon used the plight of American prisoners very effectively as a means of discrediting his political opponents and shoring up support for his conduct of the war; at the same time, his use of the prisoners as an issue also created pressures on him to go beyond speech making and take some action. Muskie’s position was that this kind of ad hoc raid risked a re-escalation of the military effort and Senator Dole (R-Kansas) argued the Administration’s point.

Export trade: amend bill (S. 4268) to facilitate greater expansion of, 36832.

36832; October 14, 1970; Muskie’s name is added as a cosponsor of a Williams (D- New Jersey) amendment to S.4268, the Export-Import Bank amendments, which would permit the Bank to grant long-term low-interest loans to Israel for the purpose of purchasing defense articles and defense services.

Security or Confrontation, Foreign Policy (publication), 40583.

40583; December 9, 1970; Muskie inserts the text of a lengthy article from Foreign Affairs, written by Paul C. Warnke and Leslie Gelb, discussing the needs and shape of the American defense budget and the country’s security needs.

Foreign Assistance Act of 1971 (Special) bill (H.R. 19911) to enact, 41782.

Cambodia: military aid to, 41782.

41782; December 16, 1970; During debate on a special foreign aid package, Muskie questions the basis for an additional last-minute funding request for military and economic assistance to Cambodia. He and others cite their concern that approval of this request will become the first step in another major engagement in Southeast Asia.

State of Israel Bond Association, Kansas City, Mo., 41921.

41921; December 16, 1970; Senator Symington (D-Missouri) inserts the text of a Muskie speech given at the State of Israel Bond Association Dinner in Kansas City, Missouri. At the time of this speech, Israel had not been recognized by any of the other nations in the Middle East, and Soviet influence, arms and manpower in the region were all expanding.

Soviet Union: Injustices suffered by Jewish citizens of (see S. Res. 501), 43925.

43925; December 29, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of many cosponsors of S. Res. 501, a Dole (R-Kansas) resolution expressing outrage at the effort then under way in the Soviet Union to accuse two Soviets of treason and sentence them to death, because they were Jewish and wished to go to Israel. As the Soviet government increased its influence in the Arab Middle East, its treatment of Soviet Jews worsened, becoming another irritant in U.S.-Soviet relations.

HUMAN RESOURCES PROGRAMS

1970 2nd Session, 91st Congress

Departments of Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare, and related agencies: bills (H.R. 13111, 15931, 18515) making appropriations, 368, 5233-5236, 38319.

Nixon, Richard M.: proposed action on HEW appropriation bill, 368.

Manpower development program: amend bill (S.2838) to establish comprehensive, 512, 17806.

Table: Comparison of HEW-Labor appropriation bill, 5234.

368; January 20, 1970; Muskie makes a statement on the conference report on the Labor-HEW appropriations bill, expressing his opposition to a threatened Nixon veto.

512; January 21, 1970; Muskie is added as a cosponsor to a Boggs (R-Delaware) amendment No. 440 to S.2838, the manpower development act, which would incorporate the Opportunities Industrialization Centers in the manpower bill as one form of local training operation. These Centers were begun by the Reverend Leon Sullivan in Philadelphia in 1964, and were much heralded at this time and during the 1970s, when there was hope that work training could help prepare inner city youth for the working world.

5233-5236; February 27, 1970; During debate on H.R.15931, the Labor-HEW Appropriations bill, the Senate considers a Cotton (R-New Hampshire) amendment which would have allowed the President to cut 2% of the bill (except for Social Security, Railroad Retirement and other entitlements) with the assurance that he would not cut schools’ impact aid funding or the Hill-Burton hospital construction act. Muskie argued against this amendment, because the effects of the cuts on different programs could not be determined in advance. This is always the case with percentage-based budgetary reductions, and has proven to be an enduring element of debate in the Congress.

38319; November 20, 1970; Muskie speaks in support of the Javits (R- New York) amendment to the Labor-HEW bill, which provides full funding for the Head Start program and which he cosponsors.

Elementary and Secondary Education Amendments of 1969: amend bill (H.R. 514) to enact, 2756.

American Printing House for the Blind Act: legislation to amend, 2756.

2756; February 6, 1970; During debate on H.R. 514, The Elementary and Secondary Education bill, Muskie offers an amendment to provide the services of the American Printing House for the Blind to children attending private, non-profit schools as well as public schools.

Judges' widows: amend certain act relating to payment of annuities to (see bill S. 3515), 4969.

4969; February 26, 1970; Notice only of the introduction of S.3515, a Muskie bill to amend the act of August 3, 1956, relating to the payment of annuities to the widows of judges. There is no Muskie introductory statement on this bill.

National Council on American Minority History and Culture: establish (see bill S.3566),6583.

6583; March 10, 1970; Muskie’s name is added to S.3566, a Brooke (R-Massachusetts) bill to create a special council on minority history and culture within the National Foundation for the Arts and Humanities.

Older worker community service program: establish (see bill S. 3604), 7805.

7805; March 18, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the original cosponsors of a Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) bill, S.3604,to create a service work program for older Americans, modeled on assorted pilot programs using part-time seniors that had been operating in Massachusetts.

Consumer goods: establish national standards for warranties (see bill S. 3565), 7808.

7808; March 18, 1970; Muskie is added as a cosponsor to S.3565, a McIntyre (D-New Hampshire) bill to provide for national standards for warranties on consumer goods in interstate commerce. At this time, product warranties were enforced – or not – by the individual states, and state laws varied widely as to the redress consumers could expect under product warranties.

Cancer research activities: authorize study of (see S. Res. 376), 9260, 9269.

9260, 9269; March 25, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of many original cosponsors of a Yarborough (D-Texas) resolution, S. Res. 376, to create a Committee of Consultants to monitor the research into cancer and report on what steps can be taken to augment and improve the research effort. Page 9269 reflects a notice only of the introduction of the resolution, with Muskie’s name listed among the cosponsors.

Federal Drug Abuse and Drug Dependence Prevention. Treatment and Rehabilitation Act of 1970: enact (see bill S. 3562), 9579.

9579; March 26, 1970; Muskie’s name is added as a cosponsor to S.3562, a Hughes (D-Iowa) bill to provide for the creation of a comprehensive federal program for the prevention and treatment of drug abuse and drug dependency.

Family medicine: grants to medical schools and hospitals for establishing programs in field of (see bill S. 3418), 10065.

10065; April 2, 1970; Muskie’s name is added as a cosponsor to S.3418, a Yarborough (D-Texas) bill to amend the Public Health Service Act to make grants to medical schools to encourage the establishment of special departments and programs in the field of family practice.

Judges: payment of annuities to widows of (see bill S. 3705), 10981.

Roosevelt Campobello International Park Commission: coverage under Social Security Act for employees of (see bill S.3704), 10981.

10981; April 9, 1970; Along with the Campobello Social Security bill, this is a notice only of the introduction of S.3705, a bill relating to the payment of annuities to widows of judges. There is no bill text or introductory remarks.

10981; April 9, 1970; Notice only of Muskie’s introduction of S.3704, a bill which would authorize the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare to enter into an agreement with the Roosevelt Campobello International Park Commission so as to be able to extend Social Security coverage to those of its employees who work in Canada but live in the United States. Muskie made no introductory comment on this bill, as it affected a handful of International Park Commission staff and was, in essence, a local Maine housekeeping matter.

Low-income families: amend bill (H.R.16311) to authorize family assistance plan providing basic benefits to certain, 11221

11221; April 10, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of forty cosponsors of a McGovern (D- South Dakota) amendment, No. 582, which was proposed to H.R.16311, the Family Assistance Plan, part of Nixon’s domestic program. The McGovern amendment was a proposal to create a simplified food stamp program and make it available as part of the Family Assistance Plan and to those who were receiving aid under the programs of aid to the aged, blind and disabled. At this time, enrollment in the food stamp program was a matter of local choice, and many counties, particularly in the South, did not participate, which effectively cut off their residents from the program, even if they were eligible.

Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act of 1970: enact (see bills S. 3723, 3835), 16474, 21371.

16474; May 21, 1970; Muskie’s name is added as a cosponsor to S.3835, a Hughes (D- Iowa) bill to provide for a comprehensive program of alcohol abuse and prevention.

21371; This page entry is an error. One of the two bills referenced above, S.3723, is a trade bill, of which Muskie was a cosponsor. The Congressional Record indexes were created by hand, so errors such as this, although rare, can occur.

Checkbook for the Student, Washington Post, 17136.

17136; May 26, 1970; Muskie inserts an article by Alice Rivlin and Robert Hartman about the substantial changes the Nixon Administration hopes to make in the programs of post-secondary education aid, by channeling federal funds direct to students, instead of to colleges.

Maine's Senior Service Corps Nutrition Aide Program, Committee on Aging, R. S. Leach and, 19108, 19110

19108, 19110; June 10, 1970; Muskie comments on some of the findings made by the Committee on Aging about the challenges facing the elderly in rural areas, and includes testimony and his own statement at recent hearings on the subject.

Amalgamated Clothing Workers Convention, J. S. Potofsky, 19118.

19118; June 10, 1970; Muskie inserts text of Jacob Potofsky’s remarks on the Vietnam war. At this time, a large proportion of the labor movement was deserting its traditional political alliance with the Democrats because of the identification of the Party with the dovish side of the Vietnam war. Muskie used this countervailing labor view to help show that labor was not monolithic in its support for the war.

Appropriations: bill (H.R. 17399) making supplemental, 19449, 19594, 19930.

19449; June 11, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of a Javits (R-New York) amendment, No. 693, to H.R. 17339, the Second Supplemental appropriations bill. The amendment would provide an additional $65 million to the Neighborhood Youth Corps Summer program, to provide summer jobs for youth.

19594; June 12, 1970; When Senator Javits (R- New York) begins debating his Neighborhood Youth Corps amendment to H.R. 17339, the Second Supplemental appropriations bill, Muskie’s name is among those listed as cosponsors. There is no Muskie text.

19930; June 16, 1970; Senator Mondale (D- Minnesota) lists Muskie as one of the cosponsors of three amendments he offers to the Second Supplemental; the amendments seek to make sure no funds in the bill to assist in the desegregation of schools could be used to aid a school district in which property, services or equipment had been transferred to non-public schools. At this time, some states attempted to defeat desegregation plans by impoverishing the public schools and at the same time, selling educational property for nominal sums to individuals starting up “private” schools.

Medical exposure to ionizing radiation: protect from unnecessary (see bill S. 3973),19919.

19919; June 16, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the original cosponsors of S.3973, a Randolph (D-West Virginia) bill to amend the Public Health Service Act to protect the public health from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation. Randolph noted that estimates were of that between 3000 and 30,000 excess deaths per year were the result of higher-than-needed radiation exposure and the bill would have created national standards for exposure and for the training of health personnel administering the tests.

Appropriations: bill (second), 20810, 20818, 20819.

Appropriations: bill (H.R. 17399) making supplemental (second), 20819.

20810; June 22, 1970; During debate on H.R. 17399, the Second Supplemental appropriations bill, Senator Mondale (D-Minnesota) calls up his school desegregation funding amendments and lists Muskie as one of his cosponsors. Mondale’s amendments were designed to prevent the transferral of public education property to newly established private schools as a means of defeating desegregation. There is no Muskie text at this point.

20818, 20819; June 22, 1970; During debate on H.R. 17339, the Second Supplemental appropriations bill, Senator Allott (R-Colorado) lists Muskie as a cosponsor of his amendment to add about $600,000 in funds for various programs, including the Environmental Quality Act Muskie explains his interest.

National Catastrophic Illness Protection Act of 1970: enact (see bill S. 4031), 21642.

21642; June 26, 1970; Muskie is listed as a prime cosponsor of a Boggs (R-Delaware) bill, S.4031, to establish a national catastrophic illness insurance program under which the federal government, acting in cooperation with state insurance authorities and the private insurance industry, would reinsure and otherwise encourage the issuance of policies which make adequate health protection available to all Americans.

Support of Appropriations for Community Mental Health Centers, by, 22233.

22233; June 30, 1970; Senator Williams (D- New Jersey) inserts a Muskie statement arguing for higher funding levels for staffing the operation of community mental health centers, particularly with respect to elderly patients.

Social Security Amendments of 1970: amend bill (H.R. 17550) to enact, 22351, 42166, 42455.

22351; June 30, 1970; Senator Williams (D- New Jersey) offers an amendment to H.R.17550, the Social Security Act, to increase the proposed social security benefit by 10% in January 1971 and an additional 20% in 1972, to revise upward the minimum benefit, revise the earnings test to $2100 and withhold a dollar for each dollar earned over $2100, and add substantial benefits under Medicare. At this time, Social Security benefits increased only when Congress voted a raise. As a result, increases varied widely and were usually legislated in even-numbered years, concurrently with federal elections.

42166; December 17, 1970; Muskie criticizes the Nixon veto of the Employment and Training Opportunities Act, contrasting it with the projects that the President has supported.

42455; [The index item mistakenly added an amendment to the Transportation Department appropriation bill, H.R. 17750 to a list of page numbers referencing amendments to the Social Security Act bill, H.R. 17550. Apparently the similarity in bill numbers led to this confusion.] December 18, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of a Brooke (R- Massachusetts) amendment No. 1164, to H.R. 17750, the Department of Transportation appropriations bill. The Brooke Amendment strikes sec. 304A of the bill. In its current form, Sec. 304A does not let the President use tariffs against imports that threaten our national security. It effectively leaves him only with the option of using a quota system.

Independent offices and Department of Housing and Urban Development: bill (H.R. 17548) making appropriations for, 22828.

VA: funds, 22828.

22828; July 6, 1970; During debate on the HUD-Independent Agencies bill, H.R. 17548, Muskie makes a statement supporting the increased funding for Veterans’ Administration medical care and facilities in the Senate version of the bill.

Family planning services and population research: expand and improve (see bill S.2108),23006.

23006; July 7, 1970; Muskie’s name is added as a cosponsor to S.2108, a Kennedy (D- Massachusetts) bill to promote public health and welfare by expanding, improving and better coordination of the family planning services and population research activities of the federal government.

Problems of White Ethnic Americans, C. McCarthy, Washington Post, 24126.

24126; July 14, 1970; Muskie inserts an article by Colman McCarthy about white ethnic Americans which was published in the Washington Post. At this period, clashes between blue-collar workers and antiwar students were becoming common and the Administration’s rhetoric seemed to encourage such divisions as part of President Nixon’s goal of relying on the “silent majority” and seeking an “ideological majority” in the Congress in the 1970 mid-term elections. The Barbara Mikulski mentioned in this news article began serving as Senator from Maryland in 1987, after ten years of service in the House of Representatives.

Medicaid: mentally ill, 27421, 27422.

Mentally ill: medicaid for, 27421, 27422.

Older persons: medicaid cutbacks on mentally ill, 27421, 27422.

27421, 27422; August 5, 1970; Muskie expresses concern about a Medicaid provision in the House-passed Social Security bill which would reduce by one-third the federal matching funds after 90 days in a mental institution and by 100 percent after 275 days. These efforts to reduce spending on mental institutions at the state level helped contribute to the rise in the homeless in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Health Security Act: enact (see bill S. 4297), 30174.

30174; August 27, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the original cosponsors of a Kennedy (D- Massachusetts) bill, S. 4297, to establish a system of national health care. This was what would today be called a “single-payer” system, meaning it would be a nationalized system under direct government supervision.

Older persons: provide reduced fares on airlines (see bill S. 4246), 30180.

30180; August 27, 1970; Muskie is added as a cosponsor of S.4246, a Williams (D-New Jersey) bill to authorize a special transportation program for the elderly. Based on the claim that for retirees, transportation costs were the third-highest expenditure, the bill would have authorized funds in the Administration on Aging to research ways of providing transportation aid to the elderly, such as portal-to-portal minibuses and vans, special fare structures, and transportation by social service agencies. The index entry description is mistaken.

  

Commencement: University of New Hampshire, W. Gardner, 36938.

36938; October 14, 1970; Byrd inserts a Muskie opening paragraph and the text of a speech by William Gardner, the class president of the graduating class of the University of New Hampshire who also spoke at the commencement. The statement is very typical of the period, discussing the antiwar protests and expressing many of the themes common at the time to college students.

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970: bill (S. 2193) to enact, 37626

Letter: Environmental action (sundry), 37627.

37626, 37627; November 17, 1970; Muskie makes a statement in support of S. 2193, a Williams (D-New Jersey) bill to give the Secretary of Labor the authority to establish workplace safety standards and to enforce them, and includes a letter from a group called Environmental Action which endorses the bill.

Departments of Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare, and related agencies: amend bill (H.R. 18515) making appropriations, 38074, 38096, 38325, 38326.

38074; November 19, 1970; Muskie is added as a cosponsor of a Javits (R- New York) amendment No. 1068 to H.R. 18515, the Labor-HEW appropriations bill, to provide for full funding for the Head Start, Job Corps, Neighborhood Youth Program and other manpower employment and training programs.

38096; November 19, 1970; When Senator Javits (R-New York) calls up his amendment during debate on the Labor-HEW appropriations bill, Muskie’s name is listed as one of the cosponsors. There is no Muskie text.

38325; November 20, 1970; Following defeat of the Javits (R- New York) amendment on Head Start during the debate on the Labor-HEW appropriations bill, Senator Cranston (D-California) offers a substitute, taking in just the Head Start funds, and Muskie is again listed as a cosponsor. There is no Muskie text.

38326; November 20, 1970; When the Cranston (D-California) substitute has been accepted, Senator Javits (R- New York) calls up the remainder of his original amendment, dealing with funding for Job Corps and other manpower programs, and again Muskie is referred to as a cosponsor. There is no Muskie text.

Federal Drug Abuse and Drug Dependence Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act of 1970: bill (S. 3562) to enact, 38648.

Drug abuse: legislation to combat, 38648.

Narcotic addiction: prevent, 38648.

38648; November 24, 1970; During debate on S. 3562, a bill to create a federal program of drug abuse prevention and treatment, Muskie makes a statement in support of the bill’s goals.

National Kidney Foundation, Washington, D.C., by, 39040.

39040; November 25, 1970; In Extensions of Remarks, Congressman Kyros (D-Maine) inserts the text of a Muskie speech to the Kidney Foundation, which discusses the shortages of trained health care professionals and the potential use of former military medical corpsmen as physicians’ assistants.

Children: Senator Mondale's address on, 40519.

White House Conference on Children, 40519.

40519; December 9, 1970; In anticipation of a forthcoming White House Conference on Children, Senator Mondale made a lengthy statement about the dimensions of children’s needs and the extent to which they were being ignored. Muskie congratulated him for his statement at the close of it.

Employment and Training Opportunities Act of 1970: bill (S. 3867) to enact, President's veto, 42166.

Nixon, Richard M.: veto of Employment and Training Opportunities Act, 42166.

42166; December 17, 1970; Muskie makes a statement opposing the Nixon veto of S. 3867, the Employment and Training Opportunities Act, contrasting the veto with Nixon’s own statements about welfare and work.

  

Academic Renewal, J. Mayer, Harvard Bulletin, 43976.

43976; December 29, 1970; Muskie inserts an article from the Harvard Bulletin ruminating about what a university ought to be. Because of the widespread student unrest on colleges around the country in these years, there was a great deal of rumination about what was lacking in the university experience and how relevance might be restored to post-secondary education.

Increasing Numbers of Physicians, George James, 43987.

Leadership in the Health Field, Joseph T. English, 43988.

43987; 43988; December 29, 1970; Muskie inserts two articles about the problems facing health care, as the Congress was facing the reauthorization of the health manpower law in the next year. Shortages and maldistribution of health care professionals was a recurrent problem in these years.

FEDERALISM, INTERGOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS

1970 2nd Session, 91st Congress

Report: Committee on Government Operations, 393.

Committee on Government Operations: authorize additional expenditures to study intergovernmental relationships between United States and the States and municipalities (see S. Res. 310), 393.

393; January 20, 1970; Muskie reports S.Res. 310, a resolution authorizing $155,000 for the Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee for 1970, to be paid from the contingency funds of the Government Operations Committee.

Intergovernmental Revenue Act of 1969: print additional copies of hearings on (see S. Res. 393), 12707.

12707; April 23, 1970; Muskie introduces a resolution to authorize the printing of 1800 additional copies of the hearings on the Intergovernmental Revenue Act of 1969.

Hurricane protection projects: amend cost-sharing formula (see bill S. 3774), 19926.

19926; June 16, 1970; Muskie’s name is added as a cosponsor to S. 3774, a Javits (R- New York) bill which authorizes federal cost-sharing in paying for projects designed to protect property from hurricane damage.

Rising Property Taxes Threaten Elderly, Senator H. A. Williams, 31133.

31133; September 10, 1970; Muskie inserts a statement about the impact of rising property taxes on the living costs of older Americans on fixed incomes by Senator Williams (D- New Jersey).

Property Tax Reform, George Washington University, by, 41683.

41683; December 15, 1970; In Extensions of Remarks, Congressman Kyros (D-Maine) inserts the text of a Muskie statement on property taxes at a George Washington University forum he shared with Ralph Nader. Muskie’s remarks stem from the strong interest the Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee has had in the application of property taxes nationwide and raise questions that remain relevant to many communities today.

Uniform Relocation Assistance and Property Acquisition Policies Act 1970: bill (S. 1) to enact, 42132, 42136-42139.

Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970: amend bill (S. 1) to enact, 42137, 42132, 42136-42139;

42136; December 17, 1970; Muskie makes his opening remarks in the debate on the Uniform Relocation Act, S. 1, a bill designed to make certain that federal programs which cause the removal of housing or businesses compensate homeowners, renters and business people fairly and in a similar manner. He and other Senators note that because the House of Representatives refuses to go to conference on the bill, the judicial review provisions will have to be taken up separately in the next Congress, other differences in the House and Senate versions of the bills are briefly discussed, and the bill is passed.

 

Intergovernmental Personnel Act of 1970: bill (S. 11) to enact, 43224, 43230, 43231.

43224; December 22, 1970; Muskie lays down the House-passed version of the Intergovernmental Personnel Act, which is then printed in full.

43230, 43231; December 22, 1970; Muskie speaks briefly about the bill, asks the Senate to agree to the House-passed version and the Senate does so on a voice vote.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, CRIMINAL LAW, JUDICIARY

1970 2nd Session, 91st Congress

Letter: Commuter alien problem, R. Clark, by W. Wirtz, 2963.

2963; This page reference is an error in the index. The correct page number is 5963, and is part of Muskie’s immigration bill materials, a letter from Willard Wirtz, the Labor Secretary to Attorney General Ramsey Clark about the green-card and farm labor problems at the time that the farm workers began to organize. The appropriate index entry is here.

Civil rights: school integration, 3779, 3780.

Elementary and Secondary Education Amendments of 1969: bill (H.R. 514) to enact, 2756, 3779, 3780.

Education: Integration, 3779, 3780.

3779, 3780; During debate on the Elementary and Secondary Education Amendments bill, H.R. 514, Muskie makes a statement in support of a Scott (R-Pennsylvania) amendment which would modify a Stennis (D-Mississippi) amendment that seeks to instruct the government to use identical means in dealing with segregated schools nationwide, whether or not they arise from official acts of gerrymandering or state law or through non-official patterns of housing distribution. This issue became the heart of the school busing debate in these years. The Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, that legally-mandated separate schools for white and black children were unconstitutional. The civil rights laws of the 1960s were all directed at outlawing discrimination based on official acts by federal, state or local governments. The Court has never ruled that separation of the races by housing (which can lead to segregated schools) is unconstitutional.

Opponents of integration and parents of children at risk of being bused to inferior schools sought to conflate segregation that arose from state laws or official actions and segregation that arose from housing patterns. The Nixon Administration, in addition, attempted to use the concept of “neighborhood schools” as part of its so-called “Southern strategy” of increasing Republican support by various strategies of reducing the pressure on southern states to comply with Court rulings. These factors all contributed to increasingly bitter racial debates and divisions.

Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1970: enact (see bill S. 3545), 5953.

5953; March 4, 1970; Notice only of the introduction of S.3545, Muskie’s bill to amend the Immigration law to deal with the problem of green card commuters by requiring them to establish a permanent residence in the United States. Green card commuters are non-citizens who have legal alien residence status but who do not make their homes in the U.S. These are mostly Canadians and Mexicans who cross the border daily or weekly to work in the U.S. but maintain permanent homes in Canada or Mexico. This issue was of concern to Muskie because of cross-border lumber workers in the northern parts of Maine.

Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1970: Introduction, 5954, 5955.

Commuter aliens: employment of, 5954, 5955.

Text: S.3545, Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1970, 5955.

Report: "Commuter" Problem and Unemployment In American Cities on Mexican Border, Department of Labor, 5956.

Report: Alien Commuter Problems, joint Labor-Justice group, 5963.

5954, 5955, 5956, 5963; March 4, 1970; Muskie makes his introductory remarks on S.3545, the green card commuter bill and inserts additional material to substantiate his approach. His bill would phase out commuter workers over a two-year period, require all green card holders to take up bona fide residence in the U.S., provide additional immigration slots to permit families to emigrate along with jobholders and substitute a work permit system for temporary workers to enter and work within 75 miles of the border.

Carswell, G. Harrold: nomination, 10357.

10357; April 6, 1970; Muskie makes a statement explaining why he intends to vote against G. Harrold Carswell as a nominee to the Supreme Court. The Nixon Administration experienced problems with its Supreme Court nominees after the initial nomination of Warren Burger to be Chief Justice. Subsequently, the nominations of both Haynsworth and Carswell were defeated, and the final nominee, Rehnquist, was not unanimously accepted. It is probable that these problems stemmed in part from the politically-inspired goal of finding a southerner to fill a Supreme Court seat and partly as a result of political animosities inspired by the Republican filibuster of President Johnson’s nomination of Abe Fortas to be Chief Justice in 1968.

To Seek a New Direction: Howard University in the 1970's, J. E. Cheek, 13140.

Relatively Silent Student Majority, American Newspaper Publishers Association, K. Brewster, 13140.

13140; April 27, 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement about the mood on college campuses, a preoccupation of the nation at the time, and inserts two statements, by the Presidents of Howard and Yale talking about the preoccupations on their two campuses.

Kent State University: demonstrators killed, 14179.

14179; May 5, 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement about the shooting of student protesters at Kent State University in Ohio. Following the expansion of the war into Cambodia, many college campuses experienced protests and demonstrations. At Kent State University, although the protest was not particularly violent, National Guards troops were given live ammunition and shot four students. By the time this tragedy occurred, the country had already seen two years of violence in ghettos, inner cities and college campuses, clashes between hard-hats and students, and a widespread lowering of the tone of civil discourse. Many Americans felt that the verbally abusive students who led demonstrations deserved what they got. Others felt that the President and his Administration were cynically exploiting and exacerbating the mood of mutual contempt.

Student disorders: aftermath, 16123.

Jackson State, Washington Post, 16123

16123; May 19, 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement about student violence and the shootings that occurred in the wake of the Kent State shootings and includes an article about the Mississippi case. At Jackson State University in Mississippi, the element of race was added to the volatile mix of antiwar protest, police anger, and political manipulation that governed the nation in this period. A sense of the times may be seen from the fact that following Muskie’s brief floor statement, Senator Murphy (R-California) took the occasion to criticize Democrats.

Pereira, Hedy Theresa: for relief (see bill S.3926),18281.

18281; June 4, 1970; Notice only of Muskie’s introduction of S.3926, a private bill for the relief of Hedy Theresa Pereira. Private bills were more frequently used at this time to rectify unforeseeable problems that periodically arose when agency regulations or limits on agency actions created unfair situations. Persons who were unable for legal reasons to bring suit for redress would request private legislation to carve out an exception to take account of their individual circumstances.

As the administrative flexibility and reach of agencies has expanded over the decades, the need for such private bills has also contracted, although any Senator can introduce a private legislative relief bill whenever a situation arises that seems to call for this solution. Private bills are generally processed by the Judiciary Committee, which seeks to secure administrative relief wherever possible. In that sense, private bills can be seen as a kind of extended casework, where an individual’s claim is pursued by people expert in the field.

Jackson State College: student killings at, 19958.

Green, James E.: killing, 19958.

Memorandum: Jackson State College disturbances, A. 0. Chambliss, 19959

Telegram: Jackson State College Killings, J. Mitchell, by, 19961

President Nixon, by, 19961.

19958; 19959, 19961; June 16, 1970; Muskie speaks after attending the funeral of one of the youths shot and killed by police and highway patrolmen at Jackson State College in Mississippi. He points out that the Governor refuses to cooperate with federal investigators, that the findings of a biracial investigative committee have been suppressed, and that questions about the use of live ammunition remain unanswered. Muskie sent telegrams to President Nixon and the Attorney General, John Mitchell, requesting more aggressive federal action, but there was no response.

Voting age: lower to 18, 20144.

Mansfield, Mike: tribute, 20144.

20144; June 17, 1970; Senators, including Muskie, react to the news that the House has just passed legislation to approve the 18-year vote, by crediting the Majority Leader, Mike Mansfield (D-Montana) with its success. The House had passed an extension of the voting rights act with an amendment extending the right to vote in federal and state elections to persons 18 and older. The argument made at the time was that if an 18-year-old draftee was old enough to serve his country in Vietnam, he was old enough to vote.

Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970: authorize representation of Senate by counsel in judicial proceedings concerning constitutional validity of (See S. Res. 422), 23204.

23204; July 8, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of a Kennedy (D- Massachusetts) resolution, S. Res 422, to authorize representation of the Senate in judicial proceedings concerning the constitutional validity of the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970. When the 18-year-old vote law was enacted, it was immediately challenged by a number of states, which claimed Congress did not have the right to unilaterally re-write the voting requirements of the states. In the case that ultimately reached the Supreme Court, Oregon v. Mitchell, the Court ruled that Congress could change the voting age for federal elections by statute law, but not for elections to state legislatures. This ruling created potential conflicts with the 17^th Amendment (which requires that the persons voting for Senators be the same persons as are eligible to vote for the largest branch of the State legislature), and threatened confusion at the polling booths.

As a result, the Congress in 1971 passed and the states ratified a constitutional amendment to lower the voting age to 18.

District of Columbia: reorganize courts of and revise certain laws of (see bills S. 4080, 4081), 24115.

24115; July 14, 1970; Muskie is listed as an original cosponsor of two Goodell (R- New York) bills, S.4080 and S.4081, which would reorganize the Washington D.C. courts and the Bail Agency, create a Public Defenders’ service, and allow the District of Columbia to participate in the interstate compact on Juvenile Justice and revise the laws relating to juvenile justice issues in the District. The National Capital was much more completely under the direct day-to-day control of the Congress at this time, and federal legislation had to be approved to deal with local issues on a regular basis.

Hood County, Oreg.: amend bill (H.R. 914) for relief of, 24118.

24118; July 14, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of an Ervin (D- North Carolina) amendment to the H.R. 914, a bill for the relief of Hood County, Oregon. Hood County had mistakenly assumed that a 160-acre tract of land which it designated as Hood County Forest belonged to the county as a result of a tax foreclosure in 1922. The Agriculture Department belatedly discovered a document in the possession of the Interior Department, which in 1892 indicated that this block of land was to be part of the designated Cascade Forest Reserve. In the intervening years, timber sales from this parcel had raised over $84,000 and the bill was designed to relieve Hood County of the obligation to repay the federal government this sum of money.

District of Columbia Court Reform and Criminal Procedure Act of 1970: bill (S. 2601) to enact, 25187-25190.

25187-25190; July 21, 1970; During debate on the conference report on the D.C. crime bill, S. 2601, Muskie makes a statement outlining the reasons he cannot vote for it – the provisions which include warrantless wiretaps, no-knock police entry, and preventive detention of suspects. At this time, it was a common political tactic to conflate demonstrations, protests and dissent with criminal activity, a tactic made plausible by the fact that a small percentage of protesters were, in fact, violent. The D.C. crime bill became one of the Nixon Administration’s principal political footballs, and votes for and against it became surrogates for those “soft on crime.” In a time of rising crime rates, this was an effective political tactic.

Right to speedy trial: give effect to sixth amendment (see bill S. 3936), 26283.

26283; July 29, 1970; Muskie is one of many Senators added as a cosponsor to S. 3936, an Ervin (D- North Carolina) bill named the Speedy Trials Act, which was designed to give effect to the sixth amendment right to a speedy trial for persons charged with offenses, and to strengthen parole operations for those released. This bill was one of several that were introduced as alternatives to the preventive detention proposals popular at the time with the Nixon Administration.

National Guard: use of live ammunition, 29450.

29450; August 19, 1970; Muskie speaks on a proposed McCarthy (D-Minnesota) amendment to the military procurement bill, H.R. 17123, which would prohibit the use of live ammunition by the National Guard except with prior Presidential approval. This debate excerpt illustrates the types of concerns which animated much debate during the civil disturbances around the country at the end of the 1960s.

Elections: direct popular, 32356.

President and Vice President: resolution (S.J. Res. 1) to provide direct popular election, 32356.

32356; September 17, 1970; During debate on the motion to invoke cloture on S. J. Res. 1, a proposed constitutional amendment providing for the direct popular election of the president and vice president, which would effectively eliminate the Electoral College, Muskie makes a statement arguing that the filibuster against the proposal has gone on long enough and it is time to send the proposed Constitutional Amendment to the States for their ratification.

The Senate rule of “unlimited debate” has the practical effect that so long as any Senator wishes to speak on a subject, the debate remains open and no vote on the matter can be held. This is what is called a filibuster, and the Senate has developed procedures to try to bring filibusters under a modicum of control. At this time, the rule was that two-thirds of Senators present and voting were required to vote affirmatively to end debate in order to bring a filibuster to a close.

Ironically, the rules also require that proposals to amend the Constitution be approved by a two-thirds vote. In this instance, the filibusterers were taking advantage of the fact that even though some Senators may have favored the substance of the proposal, they had throughout their careers sworn against invoking cloture – that is to say, against voting to cut off debate.

Cloture petition, 33811.

33811; September 25, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the signatories of a cloture petition on S. J. Res. 1, the proposed constitutional amendment to provide for the direct popular election of the President. Efforts to enact this proposed constitutional change ultimately were defeated by filibuster, when two-thirds of the Senate refused to vote to end the debate.

MISCELLANEOUS

1970 2^nd Session, 91^st Congress

Edgerton, Henry W.: eulogy, 4980.

Henry W. Edgerton Dies, Washington Post (sundry). 4980, 4981.

4980, 4981; February 26, 1970; Muskie makes a statement on the death of an appellate court judge, Judge Henry White Edgerton, who served on the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, and who was also his teacher at Cornell Law School.

Stevens, John F.: tribute, 6611.

Tribute to John F. Stevens, Representative Flood, Explorers Journal, 6611.

6611; March 10, 1970; Muskie describes the career of John Frank Stevens, a native of Maine who undertook some of the more significant engineering feats at the turn of the century, on the occasion of his posthumous nomination to the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at New York University. An article from the Explorers Journal is included as well.

King, Martin Luther, Jr.: issue gold medal to widow of, and certain other medals (see bill S. 3643), 9574.

9574; March 26, 1970; Muskie is listed as a cosponsor of a Scott (R- Pennsylvania) -Brooke (R- Massachusetts) bill, S.3643, to authorize a gold commemorative medal to be given to the widow of Dr. Martin Luther King, and that bronze replicas of it be struck off for Morehouse College and the King Memorial Center, so that copies could be sold to raise money for the scholarships at Morehouse and the Memorial Center.

Apollo 13 astronauts: prayer for safety (see S. Res. 388),11521, 11552.

11521; April 14, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the many Senate cosponsors of S. Res. 388, a Murphy (R- California) resolution urging that all Americans pause in whatever they are doing at 9:00 p.m. on April 14 to join in asking the help of Almighty God in assuring the safe return of the astronauts. Three men – John L. Swigert, Jr., James Lovell, and Fred W. Haise, Jr. – were on the Apollo 13 flight.

11552; April 14, 1970; Notice only of the introduction of S. Res. 388, a Murphy (R-California) resolution urging a national prayer for the safety of the astronauts on Apollo 13.

Proclamation: Queen Isabella Day, State of Maine, 12752.

12752; April 23, 1970; Muskie reproduces a proclamation by Governor Curtis, of Maine, announcing the observation of Queen Isabella Day in the State.

Reuther, Walter: eulogy, 14845.

14845; May 11, 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement on the death of Walter Reuther, the head of the United Autoworkers Union.

Mansfield, Mike: tribute as Majority Leader, 21454.

21454; June 25, 1970; On June 19, 1970, Senator Mike Mansfield (D-Montana) became the longest-serving Majority Leader in the Senate’s history, and the Senate engaged in a typical orgy of congratulations and tributes to him, including Muskie’s contribution.

Means, Gardiner C., 37549.

Maine Needs More Summer Residents like Gardiner Means, M. A. Nault, Maine Telegram, 37549.

37549; November 17, 1970; Muskie makes a statement admiring Gardiner Means’ dedication to the environment. Dr. Gardiner C. Means was a prominent economist and also a summer resident of Maine, where he was involved in the debate over the Machiasport oil refinery and served on a state planning board.

McCarthy, Eugene J.: tribute, 42901.

42901; December 21, 1970; Muskie pays tribute to Senator Eugene McCarthy (D- Minnesota) who is retiring from the Senate. Senator McCarthy is generally credited with persuading President Johnson not to run for re-election in 1968 by entering the New Hampshire primary election and winning a substantial 42% of the vote against the President’s 49% margin.

 

Yarborough, Ralph: tribute, 43165.

43165; December 22, 1970; Muskie pays tribute to Senator Yarborough (D- Texas) who is leaving through being defeated in the Democratic primary to run for the Senate by Lloyd Bentsen, who went on to defeat George H. W. Bush for the Senate seat.

Tydings, Joseph D.: tribute, 43835.

43835; December 29, 1970; Muskie pays tribute to Senator Joe Tydings (D-Maryland), who was defeated for reelection in Nixon’s search for an ideological majority. The 1970 midterm election was explicitly made into a search for an “ideological majority” so that the President could carry out goals allegedly supported by the “silent majority” but which were defeated by his political opposition in the Congress.

Gore, Albert: tribute, 44795.

44795; January 2, 1971; In Extensions of Remarks, Muskie pays tribute to Senator Albert Gore who was defeated for reelection to the Senate in Tennessee in all likelihood because of his strong opposition to the Vietnam War. Senator Gore was the father of Vice President Al Gore.

Young, Stephen M.. tribute, 44799.

44799; January 2, 1970; Muskie pays tribute to Senator Stephen M. Young (D-Ohio), who did not run for reelection in 1970. Senator Young was a scrappy politician, famous for informing constituents that “some nut is using your name to send me crazy letters” when he received abusive mail.

POLITICS, CAMPAIGN REFORM

1970 91st Congress, 2nd Session

News media: cabinet editors, 1722

1722; January 28, 1970; In Extensions of Remarks, Representative Jerome Waldie, (D- California), inserts an item from Newsweek magazine describing how Health Education and Welfare Secretary Finch is removing Muskie’s photograph from pamphlets published by his agency, apparently in an effort to diminish him as a potential competitor in 1972. This is coupled with comments on Vice President Agnew’s remarks about the news media and their alleged bias.

Report: America in the 1970's, Democratic Policy Council, 3055-3059.

3055-3059; February 10, 1970; Senator Harris inserts the report of the Democratic Policy Council (on which Muskie and he are Vice Chairmen) outlining Democratic thoughts on a range of issues. This document, which exhaustively covers virtually every item on the political wish list of the time, is an example of the vast changes that have taken place in national politics in the three decades since it was created.

Committee on National Priorities of Democratic Policy Committee, by, 6367.

6367; March 6, 1970; The Democratic Policy Committee set up a group called the National Priorities Committee before which Democratic Senators were encouraged to offer their thoughts on national priorities. This was a mid-term electoral means of getting the message out, and Muskie was one of those who spoke before this body. His statement on that occasion was published in the Record by Senator Harris (D-Oklahoma).

Vietnam Speech Putting Him in Lead for Presidential Nomination, Joseph Kraft, Washington Post, 7019.

7019; March 11, 1970; In Extensions of Remarks, Congressman Peter Kyros (D- Maine) inserts a Joseph Kraft column about Muskie’s Vietnam speech at the National Press Club, suggesting that Muskie is now the party’s standard-bearer.

Truth in Politics, Jackson Day, Springfield, Mo., by, 10106.

10106; April 2, 1970; Senator Eagleton (D-Missouri) inserts the text of a Muskie speech to a Jackson Day at Springfield, Missouri. Jackson Day was a traditional Democratic rallying day and is today continued in many states as Jefferson-Jackson Day. Muskie speaks of the political realities of the time, and calls on Democrats to offer a positive alternative to the Nixon Administration.

 

President Truman – 25 Years After, by, 14307.

14307; May 6, 1970; Senator Symington (D-Missouri) inserts the text of a Muskie statement on former President Truman on the occasion of the 25^th anniversary of his accession to office. At this time, President Truman’s historic reputation was undergoing the inevitable historical revision from the time he left office, in 1952, when many regarded him as an accidental president whose time in office marked a break between two more important presidents, to an appreciation of the choices he faced and made.

Farley Way in Politics, Edward H. Dickson, Sacramento (Calif.) Bee, 17139

17139; May 26, 1970; Muskie inserts an article from the Sacramento Bee about James Farley, a former worker in the Franklin Delano Roosevelt campaigns and an old-time leader in the Democratic party.

Democratic Congressional Campaign Dinner, Washington, D.C., Senator Mansfield, 17373.

17373; May 28, 1970; Muskie inserts the text of a Mansfield (D- Montana) statement made at a Democratic Congressional Campaign fund raising dinner, in which he says that the Democratic Party is open to all Americans and that the Congress is a balance to the Republican Administration.

President: Congress should have equal TV time as, 17837.

Fulbright, J. W.: tribute, 17837.

17837; June 2, 1970; Muskie compliments Fulbright on his statement about the untrammelled growth of presidential power and makes his own remarks about the constitutional balance of powers that ought to be preserved between the President and the Congress in terms of their access to the public podium. Fulbright made his remarks in the context of the emerging war powers debate.

University of Kansas, by, 17997.

17997; June 3, 1970; Senator Symington (D - Missouri) inserts the text of a Muskie speech on political convictions and political action at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

Smith, Margaret Chase: tribute, 18042.

Salute for Senator Smith, D. McCardle, 18043.

Plea for Civility, S. Rich, 18043.

Mrs. Smith Warns of Repression, 18043

18042, 18043; June 3, 1970; Muskie pays tribute to his Maine colleague for a widely-reported speech in which she argued for civility in public discourse, and recalls that it is the 20^th anniversary of her Declaration of Conscience, and notes she was honored by the American Newspaperwomen’s Club.

Time to Seek a Truce, William and Mary College, by, 18094.

18094; June 3, 1970; Senator Mondale (D-Minnesota) inserts the text of a Muskie speech asking for tolerance in disagreement, which Muskie made in a commencement address to the College of William and Mary.

If Humphrey Had Not Been Defeated, H. DeCourcy, Argus Champion, 19944

19944; June 16, 1970; Muskie inserts a column from a New Hampshire paper which has a very tongue-in-cheek approach to how the nation would look if Humphrey had not lost the 1968 election. All of the specific items mentioned are events that occurred in the 18 months since President Nixon’s election.

Brief, Democratic National Committee: FCC fairness doctrine, 21382.

21382; June 25, 1970; Muskie inserts the brief prepared by the Democratic National Committee to the Federal Communications Commission on proposed rules to implement the FCC’s Fairness Doctrine. The Fairness Doctrine was developed (originally by the FCC itself) as part of the context in which broadcast licenses were granted. The argument was that a limited broadcast spectrum, a public property, was allocated among licensees on condition that they operate in the public interest. The Supreme Court upheld the Fairness Doctrine in Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC in 1969, and the Commission was considering rule making to conform to that court ruling. This item constitutes the Democratic Party’s recommendations.

The substantial increase in the use of television by Presidents grew along with the television industry itself, and it was in these years that candidates and office holders became far more sophisticated about television. Nixon as a candidate, for example, refused to appear on free talk shows, but insisted on buying his own tv time so he could control the makeup of the audience, the questions that would be asked, and the answers he would give. Once in office, the Nixon Administration aggressively and continuously attacked the news media for alleged bias, and the media, for its part, became defensive. This was more significant at the time because in 1970, there was no national cable television industry.

Patriotism, by (sundry), 21926.

21926; June 29, 1970; Senator McIntyre (D-New Hampshire) inserts the text of two Muskie speeches given before the American Legion in Fort Fairfield, Maine, and at the Caribou High School commencement, in which he talked about the need to overcome the divisions in American society.

TV Rebuttal is Help to Public, San Francisco Examiner, 22910.

22910; July 7, 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement about the concept of equal time for political parties and inserts an editorial from the San Francisco Examiner which notes with approval the fact that the Senate Majority Leader, Senator Mansfield (D-Montana) was given time a week after to respond to a Nixon economic policy broadcast.

One Nation Under God, Indivisible, With Liberty and Justice for All, Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butchers Workmen, 23391.

23391; July 9, 1970; Muskie talks about the response of one union to the divisions plaguing the American nation, and inserts a news story about it. Although few unions supported President Nixon’s election against the candidacy of Vice President Humphrey, more union members came to support the President over the course of his first term. Many observers believe that this result was the outcome of a conscious policy to divide blue collar workers and the so-called “silent majority” from the news media elites, students and the Eastern Establishment. Nixon’s controversial place in American history is owed to this, as well as to his involvement in the Watergate scandal which led to his resignation.

Tydings of No Joy, A. Campbell, New Republic, 23393.

23393; July 9, 1970; Muskie inserts an article from the New Republic describing how Senator Tydings of Maryland has become an object of attack from left and right for his stand on gun control, court reform and birth control.

Is Freedom Dying In America? H.S. Commager, Look, 25551.

25551; July 23, 1970; Muskie inserts an article from Look magazine by historian Henry Steele Commager, a far-ranging commentary on the contemporaneous efforts by the government to control information, stifle dissent and punish crime.

Television as a Political Force Before Commerce Committee, 29191.

29191; August 17, 1970; Senator Proxmire (D-Wisconsin) inserts Muskie’s testimony before the Commerce Committee on the issue of equal congressional access to television broadcasting.

Election days: designate as legal public. holidays (see bill S. 4236), 30951.

30951; September 9, 1970; Muskie’s name is added as a cosponsor of a Harris (D- Oklahoma) bill, S.4236, making federal election days national holidays as a means of increasing voter turnout. At this time, voter registration procedures in many parts of the country remained difficult and obscure, but changes in registration were fraught with racial undertones, and the goal of increasing turnout by means of a national holiday was regarded as a less problematical.

Policy Positions, National Governors' Conference (sundry), 31539-31550.

31539-31550; September 14, 1970; Muskie inserts a lengthy document, Policy Positions of the National Governors’ Conference, with the comment that it deals with several major national issues. At this time, the Governors Conference remained a relatively bipartisan organization whose policy papers and positions could be and were supported by both Republicans and Democrats.

University of Georgia, Senator Hollings, 35599.

35599; October 8, 1970; Muskie inserts the text of a Hollings (D- South Carolina) speech about the need to retain civility and tolerance in political discourse.

Milk Producers Association, Chicago, Ill., by, 37271.

37271; November 16, 1970; Senator Yarborough (D-Texas) inserts a Muskie speech given at a Chicago conference of the Milk Producers Association, an audience of 25,000, to which Muskie spoke in general terms of political and national climate in the country.

New England Press Association, by, 32997

32997; September 22, 1970; Senator Eagleton (D-Missouri) inserts the text of a Muskie speech given to the New England Press Association in which he discusses the partnership that news reporters and political candidates have must have if the public is to be informed of its choices.

Tribute to Senator Muskie, Ellsworth American, 35114.

35114; October 6, 1970; Senator Eagleton (D- Missouri) inserts an editorial from the Maine Ellsworth-American about Muskie, which takes to task the opposition argument against Muskie (who was running for reelection in 1970) that his national prominence was a reason to vote against him. The paper commented that this claim was being made by an opponent “who runs no great risk of ever incurring that political disability.”

Division Between Men and Ideas, by, 37753.

37753; November 17, 1970; In Extensions of Remarks, Congressman Kyros (D-Maine) after the midterm election inserts the televised election eve speech given by Muskie on behalf of the Democratic Party, to balance the tv time slot given to the Republican Party. The Republican Party used its election eve time to re-broadcast a rather strident speech by President Nixon, sounding themes of law-and-order and anti-dissent. The Muskie speech, which echoes many of the themes Muskie sounded throughout the year, was low-key in contrast, and was extremely well-received. It is credited with helping Democratic candidates defeat the Administration’s goal of electing an “ideological majority” in the midterm, and with cementing Muskie’s role as the almost-certain 1972 Democratic Party presidential nominee.

Jefferson-Jackson Dinner, Lewiston, Maine, by, 38052.

38052; November 18, 1970; In Extensions of Remarks, Congressman Kyros (D-Maine) inserts the text of a speech Muskie gave at the Jefferson-Jackson Day dinner in Lewiston, Maine, on the night before his election eve speech, and in a context where he was surrounded by long time supporters. In many ways, it reprises the election eve speech.

Political broadcasting: bill (S. 3637) relative to equal-time requirements, President's veto, 38533, 38534.

Campaigns: equal-time requirements, 38533, 38534.

38533, 38534; November 23, 1970; Muskie joins other Senators in speaking on President Nixon’s veto of the equal time bill, an effort at campaign reform that would have limited spending on broadcasting, required the sale of broadcast time at the lowest rate, and provided for presidential debates in the next presidential election campaign. Muskie supported the bill over the President’s veto, but it fell short of the necessary two-thirds, and did not pass. It is of interest that the arguments for and against the measure here are virtually identical to the arguments still made about limits on campaign spending and fund-raising.

  

Farley Foresees Victory, Walter Trohan, Chicago Tribune, 43515.

43515; December 22, 1970; Congressman John J. Rooney (D- New York) inserts a news article quoting James A. Farley on his certainty that Muskie will become the next President, although the columnist himself does not seem to think so.

SENATE RULES, PROCEDURES, ASSIGNMENTS, HOUSEKEEPING

1970 91st Congress, 2nd Session

Appointed conferee, 27299, 31582, 32644, 34042, 40620, 40907, 41339, 41671.

27299; August 4, 1970; Muskie is appointed one of the conferees on the Defense Production Act, S.3302, a Banking and Currency Committee bill.

31582; September 14, 1970; Muskie is appointed as one of the conferees on H.R.11833, the Solid Waste Disposal Act.

32644; September 18, 1970; Muskie is appointed as one of the conferees to H.R.15073, a bill to amend the Federal Deposit Insurance Act to require insured banks to maintain certain records and to require that certain transactions in U.S. currency be reported to the Department of the Treasury.

34042; September 29, 1970; Muskie is named as one of the conferees on H.R.17255, the National Air Quality Standards Act.

40620; December 9, 1970; Muskie is appointed a conferee on H.R.19877, the Rivers and Harbors bill.

40907; December 10, 1970; Muskie is appointed a conferee on H.R.19333, a bill to provide protection for customers of registered brokers and dealers.

41339; December 14, 1970; Muskie is appointed a conferee on H.R.19436, a bill to provide for the establishment of a national urban growth policy, (the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1970.)

41671; December 15, 1970; Muskie is appointed a conferee on H. J. Res. 1117, to create a Joint Committee on the Environment.

Senate officers: authority during adjournment, 43243.

43243; December 22, 1970; Muskie, like other Senators, sometimes undertook chores that are usually carried out by the Senate Majority Leader when he was absent. This is an example of such a chore, which is routine when the Senate is going to be temporarily out of session.

BUDGET, TAXES, FISCAL POLICY

1970 2nd Session, 91st Congress

Federal Broker-Dealer Insurance Corporation: amend bill (S. 2348) to establish, 10987.

10987; April 9, 1970; Notice only of Muskie’s introduction of amendment No. 851, in the nature of a substitute, to S.2348, to establish a Federal Broker-Dealer Insurance Corporation. The underlying bill was one that Muskie introduced in 1969; his proposed substitute had been developed to take account of the concerns of brokers and investors as they became known.

Economic conditions: broker failures, 11435, 11436.

Securities industry: failures in, 11435, 11436.

Federal Broker-Dealer insurance Corporation: establish, 11435, 11436, 20339.

Stockbrokers: protect investors from failures 11435, 11436.

When Brokers Go Broke, C. Margello, Newsweek, 11436.

More Failures Portended as Wall Street Woes Rise, T. Robards, New York Times, tax 11437.

Looking for More Money, Time, 11437

Wall Street Tremors, 11438.

11435, 11436, 11437, 11438; April 13, 1970; Muskie makes a statement describing the purposes of his bill to provide insurance to investors against the bankruptcy of their stock brokers or dealers, announces hearings to be held on the proposed Broker-Dealer Insurance Corporation, and inserts a series of news articles and columns about the issue.

20339; June 18, 1970; Muskie makes a statement about the amendment he is proposing to the broker-dealer insurance bill he introduced last year, and explains the differences between the original proposal and the language he is now recommending.

Proposed Federal Broker-Dealer Insurance Corporation, 13544.

13544; April 30, 1970; Senator Javits (R-New York) in a statement about the stock market and the problems it is facing, mentions the Muskie statement on investor liability in the case of a brokerage bankruptcy. There is no Muskie text.

Stockbrokers: customer protection, 19974

Text: Proposed bill to protect customers of registered brokers, 19974.

19974; June 16, 1970; Muskie notes that after the hearings he held on the question of consumer protection with respect to the brokerage industry, the industry itself has proposed draft legislation for the purpose of consumer protection. Muskie reproduces this draft and indicates he will review it.

Customers of certain stockbrokers: provide greater protection for (see bills S. 3988, S. 3989), 20332.

Customers of certain stockbrokers: provide greater protection for, 20334.

Text: Amendment (No. 709) Securities Investor Insurance Act, 20339.

Customers of certain stock brokers: amend bill (S. 2348) to establish an insurance program to protect, 20339.

20332; June 18, 1970; Notice only of Muskie’s introduction of S. 3988 and S.3989, both bills designed to provide greater protection to customers of registered brokers and dealers.

20334: June 18, 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement identifying the two bills he has just introduced, S. 3988 and S. 3989, as proposals made by the head of the New York Stock Exchange which are aimed to the same goal as his broker-dealer insurance proposal.

20339; June 18, 1970; Muskie makes brief introductory comments on his amendment 709, which he is introducing as a substitute for the broker-dealer insurance bill he introduced the previous year, and describes the modifications he is proposing.

Corporate Participation Act: enact (see bill S. 4003), 20928.

Corporate Participation Act: proposed, 20928.

Text: S. 4003, the Corporate Participation Act, 20929.

20928, 20929; June 23, 1970; Notice of the introduction of S. 4003, the Corporate Participation Act, and Muskie’s introductory remarks on the bill, which is designed to designed to permit shareholders to raise questions about a corporation’s practices even if those questions are also questions of economic, social or other public policy. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 provides for shareholder participation, but the SEC had ruled that management need not consider proxy statements on issues of public policy. The bill was designed to reverse this ruling and permit such proxies, provided they fell within the scope of the company’s business.

Inflation: administration "alerts", 30602.

30602; September 1, 1970; Muskie makes a brief statement about the Administration’s new “inflation alerts” pointing out that they do nothing to curb new inflationary pressures, and calls on the President to use his powers of persuasion.

Report: Committee on Banking and Currency, 32834.

32834; September 21, 1970; Notice only of Muskie reporting from the Banking and Currency Committee, a bill, S.2348, to establish a Federal Broker-Dealer Insurance Corporation, Report No. 91-1218.

Nixon, Richard M.: discretionary power of big business and big labor, 40578.

Full Employment Program, Gardiner C. Means, Washington Post, 40579

40578; December 9, 1970; Muskie says it is about time Nixon abandoned his restrictive monetary and fiscal policy, and inserts Gardiner Means’ article on curbing inflation as an example of an alternative approach. Gardiner Means developed the concept of “administered” prices which, he said, are prices somewhat immune to labor and materials inputs because the entity administering them is a big enough player in its part of the market to be able to ignore market price signals. He applied this analysis both to big business and big labor.

Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970, bills (S. 2348; H.R. 19333) to enact, 40867-40869, 40872-40877, 40890, 40891, 40901, 40903-40907, 43231-43237, 43242

Letter: Establishment of Securities Investor Protection Corporation (sundry), 40870.

Tribute in Senate, 40907.

Text: Compromise proposal of H.R. 19333, 43236.

Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970, managers on the Part of the House, 43236.

40867-40869, 40872-40877; December 10, 1970; Muskie, as floor manager of the Securities Investor Protection Act, S. 2348, makes his opening statement in the floor debate over the bill, which would establish an insurance fund backed by the government and financed by the securities industry to protect investors whose brokers’ bankruptcy threatens their assets. Others join the debate. The situation to which this bill was a response was one where a steady growth in the stock market in the preceding decade had reached a point at which the industry, as it then operated, could no longer keep up with its own paperwork. Stock transfers were not being completed, market hours were shortened and the market was periodically closed to allow the brokers to catch up with the processing of sale and purchase orders, and the economic downturn and resulting dip in the value of the market caused a number of brokerage houses to become over-extended and risk bankruptcy.

40890; December 10, 1970; During debate on the Securities Investor Protection Action, S. 2348, Senator Proxmire (D-Wisconsin) offers an amendment designed to make sure future brokerage houses meet insurability standards before being insured by the proposed investors’ insurance fund.

40901, 40903-40907; December 10, 1970; During debate on the Securities Investors Protection Act, Senator Brooke (R-Massachusetts) offers an amendment designed to force securities brokers to segregate their clients’ funds from the brokerage houses’ own funds. This is finally worked out to require rules for the segregation of customers’ securities from brokerage securities. This is one of many instances in which a quorum call serves to close down the official reporting of the Senate’s debate while a problem is worked out among the interested Senators. During a quorum call, no “official” debate is possible, but of course Senators can and do talk with each other and reach compromises which they then announce by calling off the quorum call and going back into official recorded debate. A Bennett (R-Utah) amendment dealing with securities brokers bankruptcy proceedings is accepted, and the bill is passed.

43236; December 22, 1970; Muskie calls up the conference report on the Securities Investor Protection Act, and it is debated and passed.

TRADE, EXPORT SUBSIDIES, TARIFFS

1970 2nd Session, 91st Congress

Shultz and Senator Muskie Seek Foreign Trade Answers, Milton Jaques, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 9171.

9171; March 24, 1970; In the proceedings of the House, Congressman Gaydos (D-Pennsylvania) inserts various articles about the effects of trade on his home state of Pennsylvania, including one from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, which carried a story about Muskie and Labor Secretary Shultz both seeking trade law changes to respond to Americans left jobless by trade effects.

East-West Trade, Senator Mondale, 19991.

19991; June 16, 1970; Muskie inserts the text of a Mondale (D- Minnesota) paper from the NY University Center for International Studies on the question of East-West trade, an issue that was then generating substantial interest in the U.S., as western Europeans began to enlarge their trade with Eastern Bloc countries and the Soviet Union.

 

Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act of 1970: enact (see bills S. 3723, 3835), 16474, 21371.

Although this index item lists alcohol abuse, the first one of the bill numbers it references, S. 3723, is a trade bill.

16474; May 21, 1970; Muskie’s name is added as a cosponsor to S.3835, a Hughes (D- Iowa) bill to provide for a comprehensive program of alcohol abuse and prevention.

21371; This page entry is an error. The Congressional Record indexes were created by hand, so errors such as this, although rare, can occur.

21371; June 25, 1970; Muskie’s name is added as a cosponsor to S.3723, a McIntyre (D- New Hampshire) to provide for orderly trade in textiles and leather footwear.

     

Imports: bill (S. 3723) to provide orderly trade in textile articles and articles of leather footwear, 21356.

21356; June 25, 1970; Senator McIntyre (D-New Hampshire) makes a floor statement about his orderly marketing bill, S. 3723, which was originally introduced in April of 1970, and along with assorted others, Muskie expresses his support for the measure, which he also cosponsors.

HOUSING, URBAN RENEWAL, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1970 2nd Session, 91st Congress

Urban Mass Transportation Assistance Act of 1969: amend bill (S. 3154) to enact, 1981, 2147.

1981; January 30, 1970; Muskie is added as a cosponsor to a Cranston (D- California) amendment No. 449 to S.3154, the Mass Transit bill, which would provide for a long-term financing source for expanded urban public transportation programs.

2147; February 2, 1970, During debate on the Mass Transportation Assistance Act, Senator Cranston (D- California) introduces his amendment, which would increase the total authorization in the Act from $3.1 billion to $10 billion, and makes his opening remarks describing the need for additional transit facilities. Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of his amendment, but does not speak.

Urban Growth and New Community Development Act of 1970: enact (see bill S. 3640), 9263.

9263; March 25, 1970; Muskie is a principal sponsor, with Sparkman (D-Alabama) of S.3640, a bill to create a policy for urban growth, a bill that developed out of Sparkman’s service on the National Committee on Urban Growth which published a report in 1969 suggesting that the federal government help support the creation of 100 cities of 100,000 population over the next 30 years.

Redevelopment areas: provide moratorium relative to designation of (see S.J. Res. 210),20087.

20087; June 17, 1970; Muskie’s name is listed as a cosponsor of S. J. Res. 210, a Mondale (D- Minnesota) resolution to provide for a one-year moratorium on the termination or modification of any area designated as a redevelopment area for the purposes of the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1964. Under the terms of the law, counties became eligible for economic development aid based in part on their population and unemployment levels. However, because the Administration was using 1960 census data and the prior year’s jobless rate to determine eligibility, 96 counties nationwide faced the loss of economic assistance based on inaccurate data. Most were rural counties with declining populations.

Department of Housing and Urban Development: amend bill (H.R. 17548) making appropriations for, 22389.

Independent executive agencies: amend bill (H.R.17548) making appropriations for, 22389.

22389; July 1, 1970; Muskie is listed by Hart (D- Michigan) as one of the cosponsors of his proposal to fully fund the urban renewal program in the HUD-Independent Agencies appropriations bill, H.R. 17548.

Independent offices and Department of Housing and Urban Development: amend bill (H.R. 17548) making appropriations for, 22976.

22976; July 7, 1970; During debate on H.R. 17548, the HUD-Independent Agencies appropriations bill, Senator Hart (D-Michigan)calls up his amendment on urban renewal, and again lists Muskie as one of the cosponsors. Muskie does not speak.

Housing for Elderly Act: enact (see bill S.4154), 30180.

30180; August 27, 1970; Muskie is added as a cosponsor to S.4154, a Williams (D- New Jersey) bill to provide a special program of housing for the elderly.

What Is This Thing Called Urban Growth Policy? D. Canty, City, 31530.

31530; September 14, 1970; Muskie inserts an article about urban growth policy, which makes the point that despite Muskie-sponsored bills like the Urban Growth and New Community Development Act, the idea of urban growth as a public policy issue may have come and already gone.

Housing construction: Insure adequate supplies of timber for (see bill S. 4515), 38070.

38070; November 19, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the original cosponsors of a Packwood (R- Oregon) bill, S.4515, which seeks to ensure that there will be an adequate supply of American timber to sustain anticipated home starts. The bill would maintain export limitations on lumber.

Concentration of industry and population in metropolitan areas: urging adoption of national policy to discourage (see S. Res. 463), 38073.

38073; November 19, 1970; Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of S. Res. 463, a McClellan (D-Arkansas) resolution, S. Res. 463, which would make it a matter of national policy to award government contracts, and expand or locate government facilities in less-populated parts of the country.