Professor Straub (Religion); Associate Professors Kinsman (Biology), Costlow (Russian), and Smedley (Physics), Chair; Assistant Professors Ongley (Geology), Austin (Chemistry), and Bohlen (Environmental Studies)

Environmental studies encompasses a broad range of problems that arises from the interaction of human beings with the natural world. The solutions to these problems often require multidisciplinary understanding. Recognizing the relevance of social, aesthetic, ethical, and technical perspectives, the environmental studies curriculum provides a framework for an interdisciplinary major that blends coursework in the disciplines with interdisciplinary environmental studies courses.

Major Requirements. A student majoring in environmental studies must fulfill “core” course requirements, as well as the requirements of a “track.” Students may choose one of the following four tracks: Culture, Society and Environment; Earth and Ecosystems; Environmental and Natural Resource Policy; or Geochemistry. Course offerings change periodically and the program updates which courses are available each year. Students should contact the program chair for further information and help in selecting courses.

Core Requirements

1. The following courses are required of all majors:

   Environmental Studies 181. Working with Environmental Data (or another statistics course, subject to approval by the Environmental Studies Committee).
   Environmental Studies 202. Introduction to Environmental Studies.
   Environmental Studies 457 and 458. Senior Thesis and Seminar.

2. > Internship Requirement. Students must take an internship in environmental studies, with prior approval of the Environmental Studies Committee. Guidelines are available from the program chair. Although a student need not receive academic course credit for the internship, it may be fulfilled through a Short Term unit, Environmental Studies s46.

3. One of the following sets of natural-science courses:
   1. Biology 201 (formerly 101s). Biological Principles - Biology 270. Ecology. Note: students who must take a 100-level biology course as prerequisite to Biology 201 are encouraged to select one of the following courses: Biology 110. Oceanography; Biology 120. Toxins; Biology 124. Plants and Human Affairs; Biology 125. Environmental Microbiology; or First-Year Seminar 226. The North Woods.

   2. Chemistry 107A. Atomic and Molecular Structure - Chemistry 108A. Chemical Reactivity.
   3. Chemistry/Environmental Studies 107B. Chemical Structure and Its Importance in the Environment. Chemistry/Environmental Studies 108B. Chemical Reactivity in the Environment.
   4. Any two of the following:

      Geology 103. The Surface of the Earth and Global Environmental Change.
      Geology 104. Plate Tectonics and the Earth’s Interior.
      Geology 105. Planet Earth.
      Geology 106. The Hydrosphere.

4. One social-science course from the following list:

   Anthropology 102. Archeology and Human Evolution.
   Economics 222. Environmental Economics.
   Political Science 171. International Politics.
   Political Science 258. Environmental Diplomacy.
   Sociology 236. Urban Sociology.
   

5. One humanities course from the following list:

   Art 286. Romantic Landscape Painting.
   Environmental Studies 212. Literature and the Environment.
   Environmental Studies 205. “Nature” in Human Culture.
   Environmental Studies/Physics/Religion 228. Caring For Creation: Physics, Religion, and the Environment.
   Philosophy 211. Philosophy of Science.
   Religion 215. Environmental Ethics.

Track Requirements

I. Culture, Society, and the Environment

The interrelationships between humankind and the natural environment are conditioned in large part by cultural and social contexts. To study the environment requires studying the traditions and present dynamics of the human interpretations of the natural world. Religious, philosophical, literary, and artistic traditions, and science inform our understandings, appreciations, and evaluations of nature. So also do the political and economic ideologies and policies of our communities.

Students choosing this track must satisfactorily complete eight courses from the following lists. When combined with the core requirements, students must have a total of at least fifteen courses to satisfy the environmental studies major.

1. Required Courses:
   Economics 222. Environmental Economics or Political Science 258. Environmental Diplomacy.
   Environmental Studies 205. 'Nature' in Human Culture.
   Philosophy 211. Philosophy of Science.
   Religion 215. Environmental Ethics.
   

2. Laboratory Science. (students must take one of these):
   Biology 313. Marine Ecology.
   Biology 336. Field Ecology.
   Chemistry 212. Separation Science.
   Chemistry 215. Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry.
   Geology 210. Sedimentology.
   Geology 230. Structural Geology.
   Geology 266. Groundwater Hydrology.
   

3. Elective Courses/Units. Students must complete two courses in one of these groups, and one course in the other group. Environmental Studies 360 may be a substitute for one course. No more than one Short Term unit may be counted toward the major.

   Group A. Culture and the Environment:
   Art 226/Philosophy 241. Philosophy of Art.
   Art 285. Renaissance and Post-Renaissance Gardens and Landscape Architecture.
   Art 286. Romantic Landscape Painting.
   English 243. Romantic Literature (1790-1840).
   Environmental Studies 212. Literature and the Environment.
   Environmental Studies/Physics/Religion 228. Caring for Creation: Physics, Religion, and the Environment.
   Religion 301. Wilderness and the Religious Imagination.
   Russian 273. 'Nature' in Russian Culture.
   

   Group B. Society and the Environment:
   Anthropology 228. Person and Community in Contemporary Africa.
   Anthropology 252. The Anthropology of Modernity.
   Anthropology 253. Western North America: Native Cultures, Histories, and Environments.
   Anthropology 336. Ethnohistory of the Andes.
   Economics 229. Economics of Greater China.
   Economics 309. Economics of Less-Developed Countries.
   Environmental Studies s24. Seminar in Sustainable Development.
   Political Science 234. Third World Women and Gender in Economic Development.
   Political Science 393. Environmental Justice.

II. Earth and Ecosystems

Students selecting this track seek an understanding of the scientific interdependence among the earth’s lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. The geological and biological sciences form the core of this track, which stresses field- oriented and laboratory-supported inquiry of the interrelationships between the functioning of the earth’s systems and ecosystems. An understanding of how these two systems together affect and are affected by humans is an integral part of this track. Areas of field study include the forests, rocky coastline, and rugged alpine zones of Maine and New England; the rainforests of Latin America; and the lakes, glaciers, and oceans of the Arctic. Students may explore a variety of phenomena that include but are not limited to the following: relationships between plant or animal communities and rocks or sediments or soils; limnological studies; global climate change; coastal processes and environments; oceanography; terrestrial and wetland ecology and geology; water resources; and watershed processes.

1. Required Courses:
   Economics 222. Environmental Economics.

   A set of courses, either Chemistry/Environmental Studies 107B (Chemical Structure and Its Importance in the Environment) and Chemistry/Environmental Studies 108B (Chemical Reactivity in the Environment); or Chemistry 107A (Atomic and Molecular Structure) and Chemistry 108A (Chemical Reactivity).

2. Elective Courses. At least six courses from the two groups below, with at least two courses from each group. No more than one Short Term unit may be counted toward the major.

   Group A. The Biosphere:
   Biology 313. Marine Ecology.
   Biology 336. Field Ecology.
   Biology s32. Experimental Marine Ecology.
   Biology s34. Tropical Field Biology.
   Environmental Studies 302. Wetland Science and Policy.
   Environmental Studies s11. Ecological Restoration.
   

   Group B. The Geosphere:
   Geology 210. Sedimentology.
   Geology 230. Structural Geology.
   Geology 266. Groundwater Hydrology.
   Geology 310. Quaternary Geology.
   Geology s31. Limnology and Paleolimnology of Maine Lakes.
   Geology s32. Hydrogeologic and Environmental Problems in Maine's Watersheds.
   Geology s34. Field Geology in the Cordillera.
   Geology s39. Geology of Maine's Wilderness Lakes by Kayak.
   

Forming coherent environmental policy requires many types of expertise. The process must be informed by the history and cultural context of resource use. Policy- makers must understand the affected ecosystems, and their relation to the political, economic, and social systems that rely on them. Environmental policy must also be consonant with the values of the society that enacts it. Because of the number and complexity of these interrelationships, students in this track are encouraged to study widely in the curriculum to develop the understanding and the analytical tools required for uncovering these connections between human activity and the natural world.

Students must take a total of eight courses from the following lists. When combined with the core requirements, students must have a total of at least 15 courses to satisfy the environmental studies major.

1. Required Courses:
   Economics 222. Environmental Economics.
   Religion 215. Environmental Ethics.
   Political Science 258. Environmental Diplomacy or Political Science 171. International Politics.
   

2. Laboratory Science. (students must take one of these):
   Biology 313. Marine Ecology.
   Biology 336. Field Ecology.
   Chemistry 212. Separation Science.
   Chemistry 215. Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry.
   Geology 210. Sedimentology.
   Geology 230. Structural Geology.
   Geology 266. Groundwater Hydrology.
   

3. 300-Level Courses. (students must take two of these):
   Anthropology 339. Production and Reproduction.
   Economics 309. Economics of Less-Developed Countries.
   Economics 336. Population Economics.
   Environmental Studies 302. Wetland Science and Policy.
   Mathematics 341. Mathematical Modeling.
   Political Science 393. Environmental Justice.
   Sociology 345. Beliefs about Social Inequality.

4. Electives:
   Anthropology 252. The Anthropology of Modernity.
   Anthropology 253. Western North America: Native Cultures, Histories, and Environments.
   Economics 260. Intermediate Microeconomic Theory.
   Environmental Studies 360. Independent Study (with advance permission of the Environmental Studies Committee).
   History 261. American Protest in the Twentieth Century.
   Political Science 234. Third World Women and Gender in Economic Development.
   Political Science 258. Environmental Diplomacy.
   Political Science 278. International Cooperation.
   Sociology 236. Urban Sociology.

IV. Geochemistry

Understanding and predicting the fate of chemicals of both anthropogenic and natural origin in the lithosphere and hydrosphere require knowledge of relevant chemistry and geology. The courses in this track provide the background needed to understand this aspect of environmental science. The required thesis provides an opportunity for a synthesis of the two sub-fields via the application of basic chemical and geologic skills to the study of a geochemical problem.

1. Required Course: Economics 222. Environmental Economics.

2. Elective Courses/Units: Any seven of the courses from the list below, with no more than four courses in chemistry or geology to meet the minimum number of courses. No more than one Short Term unit may be counted toward the major.

   Chemistry 203. Thermodynamics and Kinetics.
   Chemistry 212. Separation Science.
   Chemistry 215. Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry.
   Chemistry 223. Analytical Spectroscopy and Electrochemistry.
   Environmental Studies 302. Wetland Science and Policy.
   Geology 223. Rock-forming Minerals.
   Geology 230. Structural Geology.
   Geology 266. Groundwater Hydrology.
   Geology 362. Contaminant Fate and Transport in Geologic Systems.
   Geology 363. Low-Temperature Aqueous Geochemistry.
   Geology s32. Hydrogeologic and Environmental Problems in Maine's Watersheds.
   Geology s33. The Water We Drink: Water Quality in Maine.

General Education. The quantitative requirement may be satisfied by Environmental Studies 181. Environmental studies courses that are cross-listed with a department may count toward general education, such as Environmental Studies/Physics/Religion 228, or Chemistry/Environmental Studies s24. Environmental Studies 202 and s11 do not fulfill general education requirements. Environmental Studies 302 may be counted as a third natural- science course.

Courses

107B. Chemical Structure and Its Importance in the Environment. Fundamentals of atomic and molecular structure are developed with particular attention to how they relate to substances of interest in the environment. Periodicity, bonding, states of matter, and intermolecular forces are covered. The laboratory involves a semester-long, group investigation of a topic of environmental significance. This course is the same as Chemistry 107B. Enrollment limited to 60 per section. Not open to students who have received credit for Chemistry 107. T. Wenzel.

108B. Chemical Reactivity in Environmental Systems. A continuation of Chemistry/Environmental Studies 107B. Major topics include thermodynamics, kinetics, equilibrium, acid/base chemistry, and electrochemistry. Examples developed throughout these topics relate to chemical processes that occur in the environment. The laboratory involves a semester-long, group investigation of a topic of environmental significance. Prerequisite(s): Chemistry 107A or Chemistry/Environmental Studies 107B. This course is the same as Chemistry 108B. Enrollment limited to 60 per section. Not open to students who have received credit for Chemistry 108. R. Austin.

181. Working with Environmental Data. This course uses lectures, problems, and projects to introduce students to experimental design, data collection, and data analysis. The course introduces basic principles of statistical thinking and trains students to be informed consumers of statistics commonly encountered in environmental science and policy contexts. The course covers basic concepts in probability and statistics, principles of experimental design, measures of location and dispersion, statistical estimation, and testing of hypotheses. Parametric, non-parametric, and resampling approaches to analysis of frequencies, comparisons of means, and examination of relationships between variables (regression and correlation) are addressed. Recommended background: a working knowledge of algebra. Required of all majors. C. Bohlen.

202. Introduction to Environmental Studies. This course provides an interdisciplinary introduction to environmental studies. Perspectives from the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities are used to explore the human-environment relationship. Lectures, discussions, laboratory exercises, and field trips are used to provide a technical understanding of selected environmental issues and to provide an analytic framework for examining environmental problems as reflections of underlying social, economic, and political processes. The course addresses human population and resource consumption as drivers for environmental change and examines the effects of environmental change on human economic and social systems. Course content varies to reflect current issues. Prerequisite(s): any three environmental studies core requirements. Open to first-year students. C. Bohlen.

205. “Nature” in Human Culture. The course aims to introduce students to the dynamics between the natural environment and human culture. First, it seeks a theoretical framework for appreciating how cultural traditions screen human perceptions and hence grant human meaning to the natural world. Second, it studies selected interpretations of nature from the lively traditions of indigenous peoples, Asian cultures, and the Western experience. Third, the course considers the prospects for moving beyond inherited perspectives to fresh envisagements of the lands, the seas, and other living creatures. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30 per section. C. Straub.

212. Literature and the Environment. How is the world of nature made present to us in works of fiction and poetry? What visions of human/natural relationships do such works offer? How can we learn from others’ visions and needs to better understand our own and our society’s relationship to the natural world? This course offers a cross-cultural perspective on environment and the literary imagination. Through reading works from various cultures (including East Asian, Russian, and American), students explore the complex ways in which authors have come to know and express place. Topics include the relationship between environment and identity, technology and crisis, and nature as a spiritual resource. Students bring their experiences of the natural world to the course, considering how various forms of environmental knowledge contribute to readings of literature. Open to first-year students. S. Strong, J. Costlow.

228. Caring for Creation: Physics, Religion, and the Environment.This course considers scientific and religious accounts of the origin of the universe, examines the relations between these accounts, and explores the way they shape our deepest attitudes toward the natural world. Topics of discussion include the biblical creation stories, contemporary scientific cosmology, the interplay between these scientific and religious ideas, and the roles they both can play in forming a response to environmental problems. This course is the same as Religion 228 and Physics 228. Enrollment limited to 40. T. Tracy, J. Smedley.

302. Wetland Science and Policy. This course is an introduction to wetland ecosystems, wetland management, and current controversies over wetland policy. The course emphasizes hydrological, geological, and ecological processes that structure wetland ecosystems, the connections between wetlands and adjacent ecosystems, and how those ecological relationships affect wetland management. The emphasis is on wetlands as dynamic components of a complex landscape that may itself be changing in response to human actions. Prerequisite(s): One natural-science set except physics sets. Enrollment limited to 20. C. Bohlen.

360. Independent Study. This course provides an opportunity, on a tutorial basis, for a student to investigate a selected topic of individual interest. A report is required at the end of each semester of work. Topics are selected jointly by the student and tutor, and must be approved by the program chair. Students are limited to one independent study per semester. Open to first-year students. Written permission of the instructor is required. Staff.

457-458. Senior Thesis. Research for and writing of the senior thesis, under the direction of a faculty member. Guidelines for the thesis are published on the Environmental Studies web page, or are available from the program chair. Students register for Environmental Studies 457 in the fall semester and for Environmental Studies 458 in the winter semester. Majors writing an honors thesis register for both 457 and 458. Staff

460. Colloquium. Seniors join with members of the faculty to study and reflect upon significant topics in environmental studies. The course may focus on a particular aspect of the environment, such as "water," with visiting experts joining in the reflection. The course may also focus on a set of individual thesis projects, presented by participating seniors. The colloquium is an acknowledgement of both the complex, interdisciplinary character of environmental issues and the senior majors' readiness to share in a collegial consideration of them. Required of all majors. This colloquium is taken in the winter semester of the senior year, with the one-semester thesis taken in either the fall term or concurrently in the winter term. Open to seniors only. Staff

Short Term Units

s11. Ecological Restoration. This unit examines ecological restoration, rehabilitation, and recovery within a broad environmental management context. Field trips, case studies, and a class project planning a restoration effort are used to explore why restoration is undertaken, how it is carried out, how one can assess the value or benefits of restoration, and how it fits into larger environmental and social contexts. Students see restoration efforts for forests, wetlands, lakes, estuaries, and flowing waters, as well as sites at which recovery processes are occurring without human intervention. Landscape-scale restoration efforts from the Chesapeake Bay and Mississippi watersheds are also examined. Recommended background: Biology 270, Geology 103, or 106. Enrollment limited to 15. C. Bohlen.

s24. Seminar in Sustainable Development. The concept of sustainable development is examined and the implications this concept has for a number of areas of human interest are investigated. The relationship between scientific uncertainty and sustainable development is highlighted. Questions relating to social, cultural, and political feasibility are addressed. Students present and discuss selected topics, in a seminar format, drawing from Our Common Future as well as from primary literature and other selected textbooks. This unit is the same as Chemistry s24. Enrollment limited to 20. R. Austin.

s26. Using the Land. Land use is one of the most crucial environmental issues we face today. This unit examines the relationship between humans and land, as well as issues such as the ability of current land management practices to ensure the survival of human and other species, and the relative rights of human and other species to the land. Walden, Wilderness and the American Mind, Slide Mountain: The Folly of Owning Nature, and Desert Solitaire are read and discussed. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 14. Not open to students who have received credit for Chemistry s26 or First-Year Seminar 201. T. Wenzel.

s27. Sustaining the Masses. Students in this unit investigate the contradictions and complementarities between economic development and global economic integration, on the one hand, and environmental protection on the other. Students spend up to four weeks in China visiting farming communities, large and small scale industrial enterprises, reforestation sites, nature reserves, and pollution control facilities. They also meet with villagers, workers, and government officials. Linkages between local and international economics, politics, history, culture, and the environment are explored using China as a case study. Recommended background: one or more of the following: Economics 101, 222, 227, 229 or Environmental Studies 201. Written permission of the instructor is required. Open to first year students. Enrollment is limited to 10. This course is the same as Economics s27. M. Maurer-Fazio and J. Hughes

s32. Hydrogeologic and Environmental Problems in Maine’s Watersheds. An important hydrogeologic or geochemical issue concerning one of Maine’s watersheds is investigated in this unit. Fieldwork may include watershed reconnaissance; water and sediment sampling; acoustic profiling of lakes, ponds, and rivers; and attendance at town meetings. Laboratory work may include water and sediment analysis, map and aerial photograph examination, and data compilation and analysis. A service-learning project frames the course. Prerequisite(s): any 100-level geology course. This unit is the same as Geology s32. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 12. L. Ongley.

s34. Chemical Pollutants: Science and Policy. On what basis are chemicals in the environment regulated? How are acceptable levels of exposure determined? This unit examines how these sorts of public policy decisions are made by studying a few chemicals as examples. Topics covered include chemical structures and toxicity, the notion of "risk" and who defines it, and the role of scientific information in the legal process. Prerequisite(s): Chemistry 108A or 108B. Open to first-year students. This course is the same as Chemistry s34. R. Austin

s38. Environmental Issues in Developing Economies. Is poverty a cause of environmental degradation in developing countries? Or is the quest for economic growth to alleviate poverty the source of these countries’ environmental problems? How does the interaction between the developed and developing worlds affect the environment? What role can developing countries play in addressing global environmental problems? Can a modern economy develop in a sustainable way? In this unit, students examine the link between economic development and the environment from a number of perspectives. Using case studies of particular countries, and cross-country comparisons of certain industries, students examine the prospects and problems facing the developing world. Prerequisite(s): Economics 101. This unit is the same as Economics s38. Enrollment limited to 20. J. Hughes.

s46. Internship in Environmental Studies. Projects could include hands-on conservation work, environmental education, environmental research, political advocacy, environmental law, or other areas related to environmental questions. Specific arrangement and prior approval of the Committee on Environmental Studies is required. Staff.

s50. Individual Research. Registration in this unit is granted by the Committee on Environmental Studies only after the student has submitted a written proposal for a full-time research project to be completed during the Short Term and has secured the sponsorship of a faculty member to direct the study and evaluate results. Students are limited to one individual research unit. Open to first-year students. Staff.

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