(Intensive) Latin s20
Bates College
Short Term, '01

• examples: the verbs "to desire" and "to fill"
• qualities of conjugated (finite) verbs
• infinitives
• conjugations

1. examples: the verbs "to desire" and "to fill"

principal parts: optö, optäre, optävï, optätus implëo, implëre, implëvï, implëtus

always memorize the principal parts of verbs as vocabulary items

• person: (1st, 2nd, 3rd - I or we, you, he/she/it or they)
• indicated by endings in Latin (-> no pronoun needed)
• e.g.: optö (I desire); optämus (we desire); implës (you [s] fill); implent (they fill)

 
• number: (singular or plural)
• e.g.: optäs (you [s] fill); optätis (you [p] fill); implës (you [s] fill); implëtis (you [p] fill)

 
• tense: (when the action of the verb occured)
• primary tenses [refer to present/future time]
• present: (presently occuring or habitual action)
• optat; implet [he desires (he is desiring, he does desire); he fills (he is filling; he does fill)
• future (action will occur at a later time)
• optäbit; implëbit [he will  desire; he will  fill]
• future perfect (action will be completed before time in future)
• optäverit; implëverit [he will have desired; he will have filled]
• [**perfect** - when equivalent to English present perfect: e.g. Christ is risen]
• secondary tenses [refer to past time]
• imperfect (ongoing, or repeated, or habitual action in the past)
• optäbat; implëbat [he used to desire; he kept on filling]
• perfect (action occured in the past or action completed from present point of view)
• optävit; implëvit [he desired (he has desired); he filled (he has filled)
• pluperfect (action completed from past point of view)
• optäverat; implëverat [he had desired; he had filled]

 
• voice (active [subject performs verb] or passive [verb performed on subject]
• e.g.: optämus (we desire); sunt implëtï (we were filled)
• mood: (indicative [fact]; subjunctive [intent/uncertainty/potential]; imperative [command]
• e.g.: implës (you are filling - indicative); implë (fill! - imperative)

 

• have only tense and voice
• present:
• active: optäre (to desire); implëre (to fill);
• passive: optärï (to be desired); implërï (to be filled)
• perfect:
• active: optävisse (to have desired); implëvisse (to have filled);
• passive: optätus esse (to have been desired); implëtus esse (to have been filled)
• future:
• active: optätürus esse (to be going to desire); implëtürus esse (to be going to fill)
• passive: optätum ïrï (to be going to be desired); implëtum ïrï (to be going to be filled)

 

• 4regular conjugations (actually 5)
• 1st: present infinitive in äre; (optö, optäre, optävï, optätus)
• 2nd: present infinitive in ëre; (implëo, implëre, implëvï, implëtus)
• 3rd: present infinive in ere (dücö, dücere, düxï, ductus)
• 3rd "io": present in "iö", present infinitive in ere (incipiö, incipere, incëpï, inceptus)
• 4th: present infinitive in ïre (sentiö, sentïre, sënsï, sënsus)
• sum (to be) is completely irregular
• about 6 other verbs which theoretically belong to the 4 conjugations but are more easily memorized as irregular verbs