- Male & female anatomy: Know the material illustrated online
and on pages 1025, 1026, 1027, 1029, 1043, 1046, 1047.
Also know the chart of sexual homologies (posted online) and the illustrations on pages 1061-1062.
-
Male reproductive physiology: Know the mechanism and control of both erection and ejaculation.
- Female reproductive physiology:
Know how the reproductive cycles (including all stages) are controlled
(incl. illustrations p. 1055, 1057, and online),
and how ovulation occurs and what controls it
(incl. illustrations p. 1050, 1051, 1053).
- Pregnancy: Know what physiological
changes take place, and why, during the stages
of pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation.
- Embryonic development:
Know the origin of the three major germ layers and the derivatives of each.
Also know the major milestones of gestation and the changes that need to take place at birth.
- Controling reproduction and fertility:
Know some of the problems associated with reproduction and the
ways in which they can be addressed. Also know different methods of contraception and their limitations.
- Heredity:
Know as much of chapter 29 as we are able to cover in class.
- Nice chapter summaries:
See pages 1067-1069, 1097-1099, and 1112-1113.
- VOCABULARY TO KNOW:
THIS LIST IS UNDER DEVELOPMENT AND MAY EXPAND
Gametes: Egg or sperm cells, with haploid chromosome number (half the adult or diploid number).
Gonads: Organs (ovaries or testes) that produce gametes.
Epididymis: Coiled tubules that store sperm until needed.
Vas (or ductus) deferens: Sperm duct, carrying sperm from the testes to the urethra.
Prostate gland: Gland located surrounding the junction of the vasa deferentia with the urethra.
Prostatic urethra: Portion of the male urethra formed from the allantois and penetrating the prostate gland.
Membranous urethra: Portion of the male urethra formed from the fused archinephric ducts and penetrating
the floor of the pelvis (pelvic diaphragm).
Penile urethra: Portion of the male urethra enclosed by the folds that make up the penile shaft, including the corpus spongiosum.
Glans: The sensitive tip of the penis or clitoris.
Gubernaculum: Ligament in males, corresponding to the round ligament in females, that draws the testis
into the scrotal sac during development.
Fallopian tube: Another name for the oviduct that carries the ovum to the uterus.
Ostium: Funnel-shaped entrance to the Fallopian tube.
Uterus (womb): Female organ in which the embryo impnants and completes its gestational development.
Cervix: The neck-like lower portion of the uterus.
Vagina: The birth-canal, through which the newborn baby passes.
Ovulation: Release of an ovum from the ovary.
Follicular phase: First half of cycle, when an ovarian follicle is maturing. In the uterus, it can be
subdivided into a menstrual phase and a proliferative (growth) phase).
Luteal or secretory phase: Second half of cycle, when the corpus luteum is present and secretes progesterone.
Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct: Duct that becomes the vas deferens in males; most of it degenerates in females.
Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct: Duct that becomes the oviduct in females, with posterior portions fusing to form
the uterus and vagina; degenerates in males except for the prostatic utricle.
Urethral folds: Embryonic folds that become the labia minora in females or the shaft of the penis in males.
Labioscrotal swellings: Embryonic folds that become the labia majora in females or the scrotal sacs in males.
Fertilization: Fusion of an egg and sperm to form a zygote.
Blastocyst: An early embryo, containing a trophoblast and inner cell mass; implantation occurs during this stage.
Trophoblast: Thin layer of cells on the outside of the blastocyst.
Inner cell mass: Thickened area of cells, at one end of the blastocyst, from which the embryo develops.
Amnion: A fluid-filled sac that cushions the developing embryo.
Gastrulation: Invagination (tucking-in) of cells to form 3 germ layers.
Endoderm: Innermost germ layer of embryo, giving rise to inner lining of gut.
Mesoderm: Middle germ layer of embryo, giving rise to muscular, skeletal, circulatory, and urogenital systems.
Ectoderm: Outer germ layer of embryo, giving rise to nervous system and skin (integument).
Neurulation: Formation of the nervous system by further invagination after gastrulation.
Placenta: Combination of fetal and maternal blood vessels, allowing exchange of gases and nutrients.
Fetus: An embryo after its organs have formed.
Stages of labor: Dilation; expulsion; placental delivery.
Lactation: Secretion of milk by the mammary glands.
- THIS GUIDE may be revised further.
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