- Kindeys:
Know the location of the major organs illustrated in class and in the book, including the parts and regions of
the kidney; be able to label these structures.
Also make sure that you understand what retroperitoneal means.
- Kindey tubules:
Know the structure of kidney tubules and how they work,
including illustrations online and in the text.
-
Urinary ducts and bladder:
Know and be able to label these.
Also know the differences between the sexes.
- Keeping body fluids in balance
- Development of excretion and urinary organs,
including both bladder and kidney development.
- Disorders of the excretory system:
Be familiar with the disorders on the list below.
- Nice chapter summaries
at the end of each chapter.
- VOCABULARY TO KNOW:
Renal: Pertaining to the kidney (Latin, Ren).
Cortex (literally, "bark"): The outside layer of any organ. The renal cortex houses the glomeruli and convoluted tubules.
Medulla (literally, "pith"): The inner layer of any organ. The renal medulla is divided into medullary pyramids;
each pyramid contains many collecting ducts and loops of Henle.
Calyx: One of the chambers into which the collecting ducts flow.
Renal pelvis: The cavity draining urine from the kidney into the ureter.
Nephron: An individual kidney tubule, consisting of glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule,
loop of Henle,
and a distal convoluted tubule, which empties into a collecting duct.
Glomerulus: Nexus (small clump) of thin-walled capillaries which filter blood into Bowman's capsule.
Podocytes: Glomerular cells with numerous cytoplasmic "feet".
Bowman's capsule: Cup-shaped capsule surrounding a glomerulus.
Ureter: Duct carrying urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. (Please accent the first syllable.)
Urinary bladder: A distendable bag-like organ to hold the urine until its discharge.
Urethra: Duct carrying urine out from the bladder; in males, it carries sperm as well.
Renin: Hormone secreted by juxtaglomerular cells (granular cells) of the kidney, stimulating angiotensin poroduction by the liver.
Angiotensin: A liver hormone that increases sodium resorption in the proximal tubules, thus raising blood volume and blood pressure.
Electrolyte: Ionic substances in solution. The most important electrolytes in the body are Na+, K+, Ca+, and Cl-.
Osmotic pressure (osmolality): A measure of the concentration of dissolved substances in a fluid.
ADH (vasopressin): Posterior pituitary hormone that promotes urinary retention (and its further concentration) in the kidneys.
Excretion: Ridding the body of urine containing excess water, nitrogenous wastes, and other waste products.
Alkalosis: Excessive alkalinity (high pH) of the blood.
Acidosis: Excessive acidity (low pH) of the blood.
Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidneys.
Cystitis: Bladder infection.
UTI: Urinary tract infection.
Kidney stones: Deposition of solid material (usually calcium salts or cholesterol) within the kidney or ureter.
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