(e.g., p. 805, 808, 810top, 811top); be able to label them. Also know the table on p. 807. For gas exchange in alveoli, capillaries, etc., know material in chapter summary and in illustrations on p. 828 and p. 833. (not present until around 25 weeks' gestation, limiting earliest age of viability). Details in chapter summary are otherwise enough. THIS LIST IS UNDER DEVELOPMENT AND MAY EXPAND Ventilation: Breathing movements of air in and out of lungs. Nasal conchae: Folded surfaces of nasal cavity where air is moistened; site of olfaction (smelling). Paranasal sinuses: Dead-end chambers in which air is moistened and humidified. Pharynx: Throat region in which air passage and food pathways cross. Glottis: Entrance to larynx. Epiglottis: Flap covering glottis during swallowing. Larynx (voice-box): Swollen upper end of trachea, where voice is produced. Trachea (wind-pipe): Unpaired breathing tube kept open by incomplete rings of cartilage. Bronchus: One of the paired branches of the trachea. Bronchioles: Smaller branches of the bronchi. Alveoli: Air pockets in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Diaphragm: Muscular septum whose contraction expands lungs for inspiration of air. Residual volume: Air remaining in the lungs even after maximum forced expiration. Vital capacity: Maximum air volume that can be exhaled all in one breath following a deep inhalation. Pleura: The narrow, fluid-filled coelomic cavities that surround the lungs; also, their linings. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Irreversible decline in breathing ability from either emphysema or chronic bronchitis. Emphysema: Pathological expansion of lungs with loss of elasticity; requires forced exhaling. Chronic bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchi & bronchioles, producing excessive mucus, impairing gas exchange. Cystic fibrosis: Genetically based disorder of impaired chloride channels and thickened mucus that becomes cheesy and infected; the most common genetic disorder in North America and Western Europe. Asthma: Immune disorder characterized by episodic obstruction of respiratory passages due to swelling of their linings. Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection of the lungs marked by cheesy nodules (tuberculae) surrounding bacterial colonies. |