Biological Concepts — Lab 6 online
HUMAN ANATOMY   A:
Cells and tissues;  Reproduction

Instructions: Study all the visual information in this online lab, plus the accompanying explanations. Be prepared to answer a few "check-in" questions to show that you were paying attention.

CELLS AND TISSUES


TISSUES (Part 1— General)

1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE:             (Details in Part 2)
   • SURFACE EPITHELIA
   • GLANDULAR EPITHELIA
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE             (Details in Part 3)
    
3. MUSCLE TISSUE            
   • Smooth muscle tissue
   • Cardiac muscle tissue
   • Skeletal (voluntary) muscle tissue
4. NERVOUS TISSUE            
   • Cell types, etc.:
     • Neurons: unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
     • Neuroglia in brain: astrocytes (fibrous, protoplasmic), oligodendrocytes, microglia
     • Neuroglia in peripheral N.S.: ependyma cells, Schwann cells
     • Clumps of cell bodies = ganglia (PNS) or nuclei (in brain)
     • Bundles of axons = nerves (PNS) or tracts (CNS)
   • Tissue types:
     • White matter (myelinated)
     • Gray matter (unmyelinated)

Muscle tissue	Smooth muscle tissue.
Skeletal (striated) muscle tissue. Some fibers are cut longitudinally, others transversely.	Muscle tissue striations.
Cardiac muscle tissue: In this slide and the one to the right, notice the striations and the cell boundaries (intercalated disks) running perpendicular to the fiber direction; also notice the centrally located nuclei.	Cardiac muscle tissue
Nerve cells and nervous tissue	Cerebral hemispheres (cross-section)
Spinal cord: gray matter (left) and white matter (right)	Motor neuron cell bodies in ventral horn of spinal column
Cell body of motor neuron	Neuron cell body, with neurofibrils
Peripheral nerves in cross-section	Dendrites
Astrocytes	Fibrous astrocyte
Oligodendroglia	Basket cell (large, right of center) and granule cells (smaller, with fewer branches)

TISSUES (Part 2)
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
DEFINITION: Tissues that develop in broad sheets

• SURFACE EPITHELIA (remaining in sheets;
  function in protection/absorption/secretion):
  • SIMPLE EPITHELIA (a single layer of cells)
    • Simple, squamous epithelium (flat cells)
    • Simple, cuboidal epithelium (cuboidal cells)
    • Simple, columnar epithelium, nonciliated
    • Simple, columnar epithelium, ciliated
    • Pseudostratified epithelium (some cells have nuclei higher up, others lower)
  • STRATIFIED EPITHELIA (multiple layers of cells)
    • Stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinizing (moist surface)
    • Stratified squamous epithelium, keratinizing (dry surface)
    • Stratified cuboidal epithelium
    • Transitional epithelium (able to stretch)
    • Stratified columnar epithelium, nonciliated
    • Stratified columnar epithelium, ciliated
• GLANDULAR EPITHELIA (specialized for secretion only)
  • TYPES OF SECRETION: apocine, merocrine, holocrine
  • EXOCRINE GLANDS
    • Simple tubular
    • Simple acinar
    • Compound tubular   ("compound" = with branched ducts)
    • Compound acinar
    • Compound tubuloacinar (mixed)
  • ENDOCRINE GLANDS
    • Cord-and-clump type
    • Follicular type

Simple squamous epithelium (on surface)	Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium	Glandular epithelium: pancreas (exocrine, acinar)
Columnar epithelium (pseudostratified, ciliated)	Columnar epithelium (pseudostratified, ciliated)
Transitional epithelium (collapsed)	Transitional epithelium (stretched)
Stratified squamous epithelium from skin (keratinized at the surface)	Stratified columnar epithelium

TISSUES (Part 3)
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
DEFINITION: Tissues with large amounts of extracellular material (called matrix )

• TISSUES WITH LIQUID MATRIX:
  • BLOOD (Contains erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets, & plasma)
  • LYMPH (Contains leucocytes and plasma only)
• TISSUES WITH SOLID OR SEMISOLID MATRIX:
  • "LOOSE" CONNECTIVE TISSUE (non-calcified, few fibers)
    • Mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
    • Areolar (loose "ordinary") connective tissue
    • Reticular connective tissue
    • Elastic connective tissue
    • Adipose (fat) tissue
  • "DENSE" CONNECTIVE TISSUE (non-calcified, many fibers)
    • Dense, regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons, ligaments)
    • Dense, irregular connective tissue (e.g., dermis of skin)
  • HEMOPOIETIC (blood-forming) TISSUE
    • Lymphoid tissue
      • Non-encapsulated (primary nodules)
      • Encapsulated (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen)
    • Red myeloid tissue (red marrow)
    • Yellow myeloid tissue (yellow marrow)
  • STRUCTURAL (HARDENED) CONNECTIVE TISSUES
    • Cartilage tissue
      • Hyaline cartilage
      • Fibrocartilage
      • Elastic cartilage
      • Calcified cartilage
    • Bone tissue
      • Compact bone tissue
      • Cancellous (spongy) bone tissue
    • Dentine
    • Enamel
    • Cementum

Blood, showing various cell types
Mesenchyme tissue	Loose (areolar) connective tissue
Reticular connective tissue	Collagen fibers (wiggly bundles) and fat cells (circular, empty-looking)
Dense, irregular connective tissue (with collagen fibers going in many directions)	Dense, regular connective tissue (with collagen fibers all aligned)

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM



























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Check-In questions




——     Rev. Aug. 2020     ——