BIOLOGY: SELECTED IMAGES
Chapters 3-4 (Genetics)

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How do genes work?  What do they do?

Archibald Garrod: "Inborn Errors of Metabolism" (1906)













REPLICATION




TRANSCRIPTION






TRANSLATION




























QUESTION:
What is the difference beyween
a CODON and an ANTICODON ?





Chromosomes and Sex-linked traits

Sex determination: XX vs XY     also X0 (Turner), XXX;     XXY (Klinefelter), XYY Sex-linked traits:     males are hemizygous for these traits Chromosomal variations (e.g., Down syndrome, etc.) Social and ethical issues (incl. sports, discrimination, dysphoria, etc.)

QUESTION:
Why are the numbers of baby boys and baby girls approximately equal?
HINT:  Think about meiosis in fathers


























PEDIGREES

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AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT TRAITS




























AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE TRAITS



REMINDER: Reseccive because of a nonfunctional protein (such as an enzyme)





















DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE?













SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE INHERITANCE

Altering the gene pool:     positive eugenics;     negative eugenics Altering individuals (euphenics);     Altering physical environments (euthenics)         Altering social environments (eupsychics)

DNA & BIOTECHNOLOGY

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ALSO: Spider silk protein in goat's milk













DNA "fingerprinting"






QUESTION:
How does ELECTROPHORESIS work ?






QUESTION:
What are RFLPs?  Why are they important?

DNA Sequencing and the Human Genome Project Genomics;   Comparative genomics and new evidence for classifications

CRISPR RNAs function as a viral defense mechanism in bacteria:





Application of the CRISPR-Cas system to genetic engineering:






QUESTION:
How can a bacterium detect certain viral nucleic acids ?
How have scientists made use of this ability ?



























































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