Bibliography

Places

Events

Reminders:

• web teams must submit topic to Imber by Friday
• Book Report 1 from students whose last name begins with O-Z due 5:00pm Friday.
• NB: Report 2 from A-H will be due in class next Thursday.

A word on bibliography:

• give a thought to what primary sources you'll use to construct your research problem
  • e.g Roman baths:
  • sources that describe or discuss the baths (nb., if a source isn't obvious, e.g. Livy on early Rome, sometimes you'll discover who the relevant sources are from references in the secondary/scholarly literature)
  • artwork/images [Roman bath]; books on ancient art, archeology and web presentations
    
    
• give a thought on how to create a list of secondary scholarship
  
  
• 1) subject and word search in Ladd library catalogue [e.g. Roman bath*]
• 2)TOCS-IN search: [articles only in classics journals] [Roman bath*]
• 3) GNOMEN search: [books and articles] [Roman bath*]
• 4) Ingenta search [articles in a wider range of journals; on line] [Roman bath*]
• 5) Ladd database search:
  • Ebsco
  • Historical Abstracts
  • JSTOR
  • BHA
  • Anthropological Literature
• 6) Google
  • nb: edu and org vs com sites
• 7) DBCB in Ladd(database of classical bibliography): a cd with a searchable database of bibliography in classics [have a librarian explain how to use it]
• 8) L'Annee Philogique [have a librarian explain how to use it]
• 9) bibliography from books in Ladd
  
  
• turn your list into a useful bibliography [you aren't going to read a 1000 articles and 20 books for a 10-15 page paper]
  
  
  • exclude articles/books in languages you can't read
  • exclude articles whose titles indicate they won't help you [e.g."The Guardianship of Jesus Son of Babatha: Roman and Local Law in the Province of Arabia" JRS 83 (1993) 94 - is about Roman law in Babatha, not Roman baths]
  • sort by date
    • start with scholarship of the last 10 to 25 years unless a title indicates the article is dead on relevant.
  • "Standards" - e.g. Professor Boring's famous work on Roman plumbing may be 50 years old, but if it's really good, at least some of the articles in the last 25 years will refer to it.
  • See if BMCR thought it was good. [e.g. Bathing in Public in the Roman World]
  • What you can ILL in a reasonable time [If Ladd can't get it for you before April, it's not going to help you]
    
    
• ILL books and articles SOONER RATHER THAN LATER (people who wait to the last minute and then complain that the librarians couldn't save their bacon are beneath contempt)
  
  
• Use general books and articles
  
  
  • a) to give you background [role of baths in Roman culture] and identify primary sources for your topic
  • b) ideas for specific arguments [were baths a method of Romanization? did the gendering of space at the baths reflect, contribute to, undermine gendering of public space in Roman life? etc]
  • c) to find more bibliography
  • d) use articles on specific topics ["Gendered Space in the Roman Baths of Illyria"] to support arguments/assertions you will make in your paper/web page.
    
    
• My expectations about your bibliographical research:
  
  
  • I expect everyone (web pages and papers) to go through this process of creating and organizing a list of secondary scholarship.
  • I expect everyone to use secondary scholarship to support arguments/assertions they make in their papers and web pages.
    
    
  • "HOW MUCH? you ask. Well as my grandmother said when I asked her about the quantity of flour in her recipe for bread, "ENOUGH." Now, in order to be fair, let me say this, any paper with less than 10 citations to secondary scholarship had better be authored by the next Ronald Syme. If you don't know who Syme was, you're not the next Ronald Syme. On the other hand, if you cite more than 45 pieces of secondary scholarship in a 15 page paper, I will wonder whether you have actually read what you've cited and b) if you have read them, how much therapy you'll need after this course. Since web sites will be team projects, I expect to see 6-8 bibliographic items per member of the team. More is acceptable and may be necessary.
    
    
  • "But I only found four articles," you protest. Do you think I just fell off the turnip truck? I suspose that it is theoretically possible that in a field which has been studied for 2,000 years and by professional historians (who must publish articles to keep their jobs) for the last 300 there is some arcane subtopic which has garnered only four articles and that by sheer coincidence you have found it. I doubt, however, that this actually what happened. Your problem will be cutting your bibliography down to managable proportions, not finding too few articles.
    
    
  • "How many web sites can I cite?" you ask. It depends.
    • Books and articles are reviewed anonymously before they are published. That means that experts think that the work is a new and meaningful contribution to the scholarly field. That means you, gentle writer of research papers, can trust it [to the extent you can trust anything]. Some things published on the web are also reviewed (e.g. electronic journals; see my web page for classicists]. Some archeologists publish their field reports on the web. (The server, ROMEARCH is a good place to look). Such reports are fine to cite.
      
      
    • Conversely, there are passionate devotees of Russel Crowe who know very little about the Roman world but have put up a web page on gladiators. If you cite these as "authority" for arguments/assertions that you will make, I will think that you a) are an idiot; or b) are lazy. You don't want me thinking either thing about you and your work.
      
      
    • Finally, there's a range of material of varying quality. I suspect I will not be particularly impressed by a page posted by a 12 year old for her Latin class (unless she's the next Ronald Syme). I might be impressed by a page posted by a college professor for her students, or not. For example, I wouldn't cite the web pages I make for my own classes because I never provide footnotes or bibliography for them. On the other hand, I if I wanted to get a quick background on a topic before I did my own bibliography, I would read such pages.
      
      
  • "But I'll end up reading much more than I cite!" you whine. Knowledge for its own sake - Oh the Horror, the Horror....

 

Places

• The Temple of Castor & Pollux
  
  
  • Location in the Forum Romanum: between the Basilica Julia, the Temple of Divus Julius and the Temple of Vesta. Reconstructions of the statues of the gods (Castore e Polluce)to whom the temple is dedicated are located on the Paletine Hill at the top of the Cordonata steps (designed by Michaelangelo) that lead to the Piazza del Campidoglio from the Campus Martius. Leo Curren's Maecenas web site provides a wonderful tour. A reasonable reconstruction of the temple.
    
    
  • History
    • According to Livy, the dictator Aulus Postumius Albinus, vowed to build the Temple of Castor and Pollux during the battle of Lake Regillus in 499 BCE (??496??). The Dioscouri appeared and fought on the side of the Romans in this battle the victory in which guaranteed Roman supremacy in Latium. His son completed and dedicated the building in 484.
      
      
    • The Senate frequently used the temple as a meeting place and politicians often used its steps as a second Rostra [Remember Tuesday's lecture?]. The standards for weights and measures were stored here. The temple was also used as a bank for imperial as well as private funds.
      
      
    • Postumius' temple was in severe decay by 117 BCE when Caecilius Metellus restored it. Verres (a corrupt Roman politician whom Cicero drove from office) touched up Verres restoration. Tiberius the heir of Augustus rebuilt the temple completely in 6 CE in honor of his brother Drusus who had died several years previously. Caligula declared the temple part of his palace, but Claudius restored it to sacred status. There are reports and conjectures of subsequent restorations by Trajor or Hadrian and Domitian, but today most scholars believe that we have the ruins of what Tiberius built.
      
      
    • There are references to the temple stand extant in the 4th century CE but we know that by the 15th century it was largely in the condition we see, because Romans referred to the street running by it as the via Trium Columnarum.
      
      
  • Things to think about:
    • Q: what are the various uses to which a Roman temple might be put? What does this tell us about the way Romans thought about temples? about sacred space?
    • Q: what Roman officials would have used the Temple of Castor and Pollux?
    • Q: why do you think the gods Castor & Pollux would have resonated so profoundly in the imagination of early Republican leaders?
      
      
  • Pictures
    • sketches and photos
    • reconstruction
    • Thinkquest reconstruction
    • Maecenas reconstruction
      
      
  • Additional Readings:
    • Roman religion & the diaocouri ["sons of Zeus"]
    • The Augustan Building Program
    • Topographical Descriptions

Events

2nd Century BCE:

• The 3rd century B.C.E., was a period in which Rome consolidated its control of the Italian peninsula, was tested as a geopolitical power in its contests with Carthage, and aquired its first overseas provinces. During the 2nd century B.C.E., Rome became the dominant military and political power in the Mediterranean world, and faced and failed the test of its Republican constitution. For many scholars, the "Roman Revolution" that culminated with Augustus' establishment of monarchical at the end of the first century B.C.E., actually began in the second half of the 2nd century B.C.E.
  

I The Wars in Greece & Asia Minor

• The Second Punic War ended in 202 B.C.E., with Rome's defeat of Carthage's armies at Zama. Even before the end of this war, Rome engaged in a largely inconclusive campaign in Macedonia which ended in a treaty on terms more favorable to Macedonia than Rome. In these encounters with the Greeks, Rome displayed no interest in expanding its empire and was motivated mostly by a desire to deprive Hannibal of resources he might use against Rome. Philip V of Macedon, in contrast, hoped to unite and reinvigorate Macedonia so that it might resume its historic leadership of the Greek speaking world.
  
  
• Other Greek political powers, however, did not welcome the rebirth of Macedon. As with the Punic Wars, local cities sometimes appealed to Rome to take her side in these disputes. Rome, under the leadership of men like Scipio Africanus and Flamininus, initially took a "pro-hellenic" posture. They envisioned Rome excercising a benign influence over a protecterate of Grecian territories which would enjoy a great degree of local independence. Philip survived and retained control of Macedon, where he toed the Roman line until his death in 179 BCE.
  
  
• Flamininus, for example, after defeating Philip V at the battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BCE, thus ending the 2nd Macedonian War, gave a speech at the Isthmian Games, in which he declared that the peoples of Greece were free, to live without Roman troops or taxes and to to govern themselves by their own laws. (See also his letter to the Chreytians).

• The "pro-Hellenic" party, however, faced political opposition in Rome. Cato the Elder, a novus homo, was ideologically opposed to the embrace of Hellenic culture that the Scipiones and their allies supported. [Q: what's a novus homo?] He further believed that Hellenic cultural influences would corrupt Roman values. On the foreign policy front, the activities of Antiochus of Syria immediately after the defeat of Philip of Macedon created all sorts of problems for Flamininus. Antiochus hoped to reunite the various kingdoms that had been created out of Alexander the Great's imperial conquests on his death. For several years he played high stakes diplomacy with the Romans, finding allies among various Greek factions that had gotten less from Flamininus' settlement of Greece than they hoped for. Greek feistiness suggested that the "protecterate" policy of the pro-Hellenic party in Rome was not going to work. Another problem, from the Roman point of view, was that Antiochus was harboring Hannibal, who encouraged and shaped Antiochus' ambitions in order to pursue his own interests in and on behalf of Carthage. Flamininus stayed in Greece, in order to preserve Roman control of the region and Scipio went to Asia Minor, where the Romans finally defeated Antiochus in 189. Rome's "settlement" of the Greek and Asian cities it had won in this war was as problematic both from the Roman administrative and the Greek administered points of view as their earlier efforts to govern Greece had been. Rhodes and cities in Aetolia were particulary recalcitrant and bitter.
  
  
• In 179, Perseus (or Perses) succeeded his father to the throne of Macedon. Unlike his father, who knew how to stay defeated, Perseus pursued an anti-Roman foreign and domestic policy. After much diplomatic manouevering, the 3rd Macedonian war was declared in 171 BCE. Aemilius Paullus commanded Rome's army and decisively defeated the Macedonians in 168 at the battle of Pydna. Paullus "settled" Macedonia by dividing it up into four separate kingdoms, granting each a considerable amount of freedom, and imposing a tax that was half what they had been paying their kings. The settlement was not especially effective and Rome turned Macedonia into a province 22 years later.
  
  
• Rome had been particularly dissatisfied with the lack of support they had received from the Greeks during the 3rd Macedonian war. They took to "purging" the leadership class of cities they felt had strayed too far from the fold, and installing local politicans who were loyal to Rome. The Greek historian of Rome, Polybius, was in fact a hostage removed to Rome during this operation. He was befriended by the Scipiones and ended up writing a history of Rome that was designed, in part, to convince Greeks the opposition to Rome was useless. Nevertheless, Greek opposition to Rome intensified. In 146, Rome defeated the rebel Achaean league, and Roman armies under the leadership of Lucius Mummius entered Corinth, and utterly destroyed it. They killed all the men, sold all the women and children into slavery and moved every moveable good within the city to Rome. The days of pro-Hellenic foreign policy were over in Rome. The example of Corinth destroyed Greek opposition to Roman rule.
  
  
• The victory at Pydna was extremely important in Rome's military and cultural history. Thereafter, the kings of the Hellenistic monarchies played an increasingly less important role in the affairs of the eastern Mediterranean. In time, Rome would end all these dynasties and administer the region through proconsular governors. As a consequence, the intellectuals and literarti of the Greek speaking Mediterranean world had to come to Rome for patronage. They brought with them Homer, hunting, philosophy, rhetoric and some of the most beautiful lyric poetry imaginable. Some Romans, as we'll see, however, despised the influence Greek culture would have in Rome by virtue of Paullus' victory at Pydna. For them, the Greek poets, rhetores and philosophers were lacivious losers, liars. This cultural debate would rage within the circles of Rome's political and social elite for another century. For ordinary Romans it was all a bit la-di-dah. The Greeks they ran into were slaves or freedmen, who, like themselves, were more concerned about making the rent then the meters of Greek lyric poetry.
  

III The Third Punic War

• Cato, the champion of the Hellenophobes in Rome had aquired a great military reputation fighting for Rome in the Macedonian wars and in Spain. [Rome had 'won' Spain from Carthage in the 2nd Punic War, but had to fight the Spaniards to actually keep it. Roman warfare in Spain lasted until 133 BCE.] Cato was particularly alarmed by the Punic capacity to recover from the extraordinary defeats and war reparations Rome had imposed on her. Despite the restrictions Rome had place on Carthage, her old enemy began to prosper again. The Punic government, however, was careful to yield to Rome's opinion in every issue and conflict that arose. Nevertheless, Cato began to end every speech he gave in the Roman sentence with the phrase "Carthago delenda est!" ["..., and Carthage must be destroyed!"].
  
  
• The problem from the Roman point of view was complicated by the fact that Numidia, Carthage's neighbor, under the leadership of Masinissa, which had been loyal to Rome in the 2nd Punic War was beginning itself to aquire a threatening amount of influence in the western Mediterranean and in North Africa. Numida began to provoke Carthage and eventually Carthage attacked. That was all the excuse that Rome needed to cross the Mediterranean and settle affairs in North Africa to their liking. In 149 BCE, Rome declared war on Carthage. In 146, Roman troops, under the command of P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus [the natural son of Aemilius Paullus and grandson by adoption of Scipio Africanus], sacked Carthage (Tiepelo's painting). 50,000 inhabitants were sold into slavery. The city was burned to the ground. Its ruins were razed. A plow was drawn over what was left of the land and salt sowed in its furrows.
  
  
• You would think this story had a happy ending: Rome the little village founded by two admittedly disfunctional brothers conquers the Mediterranean world. But wait. Next week we'll discover how the Romans ruined a perfectly good Republic.

Further Sites of Interest:

• The Second Punic and First Macedonian Wars / The Second Macedonian War /
• Chron of R history from 200-176 BCE: / Chron of R history from 175 to 151 BCE /
• Chron of R history from 150 to 126 BCE / Chron of Roman History from 125 to 101 BCE /
• Essay on Rome's Conquest of the Hellenic Empires
• Plutarch's comparison of Flamininus and Philopoeman (a Spartan general involved in the Macedonian wars)
• Pausanius' description of the Macedonian wars / Essay on Syrian War / Essay on 3rd Macedonian War /
• The Final Settlement of Greece / The Third Punic War /
• Essay on Effects of Imperial Expansion on Roman Culture /
• The Hellenistic Empires Rome defeated
• The Isthmian Games under the Roman Empire
• Plutarch's Life of Aemilius Paulus / The Basilica Aemilia / Speech of Aemilius Paulus on his command in Maceondia / A wargamer's analysis of the battle of Pydna
• Romans in Central Spain
• The Rise of Rome