CONJUNCTIVE WORDS & EXPRESSIONS

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◎note 1: A conjunction in Japanese language is a word (=conjunction) or a relational expression to connect two sentences, phrases, or words.

◎note 2: When you are not able to read a Kanji, please use the dictionaries on the internet.
電子辞書（漢字辞書もある）／ヤフー辞書（言葉）／楽天マルチ辞書（漢字もある／英和・和英辞典

◎note 3： A particle (or particles) might be used after an adverb or a conjunction.

◎note 4: The usage is not necessarily same in English and in Japanese sentences. PLEASE LOOK at conjunctions based on JPN which has a different categorization and more explanation for their usage.

◎note 5: Please let me (Ofuji) know a correct expression and its usage in English.

◎There are some "chips" for the commonly used conjunctions at the end of this page.

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1. SERIES　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

at first　まず／一ばん＋さいしょ、はじめ
first　（まず／一ばん＋）さいしょ、はじめ、一ばん目、第一
second; then 二ばん目、第二、それから
third　三ばん目、第三、
next つぎに
after that　その後
again また
last さいご、おわりに、ついに、やっと
primarily 元来、主に
secondarily 二義的に
in the first place はじめ、さいしょ
in the second place つぎ、ついで
finally さいごに、けっきょく
at last, after all やっと、ようやく、とうとう、ついに
additionally つけくわえると、
first and foremost 真っ先、第一、
the former 前者
the latter　後者
before ~　～の前
after ~　～の後

2. CHRONOLOGICAL transitions to signal relationship IN TIME

presently　現在
nowadays; today　こんにち（今日）、いまでは、
before　前
long time ago　ずっと前、むかし、～のころ、
immediately　（今）すぐ、すぐさま、ただちに、じきに、即座に、
soon　やがて、ほどなく、間もなく、もうすぐ
shortly　ほどなく、間もなく
following this/that　この／その後
there upon　それから後すぐ
thereafter　のち（後）、それから後
soon afterward　すぐ後
afterward; later　後
from then on　それから後、
since then; from that time; ever since　それ以来
the next day; following day　つぎの日
meanwhile　しばらくすると
at length　やがて、やっと
beforehand　その前に
at that moment　その時
before; earlier than; ahead; beyond; away; previously; recently　先に
at this time　このほど、今回、今度
till/ until (clause) ; as far as "a plac"　～まで
by that time　～までに

3. SPECIAL transitions to signal relationship IN SPACE

between those ~　～のあいだ
among these ~　～のなか、～のうち
beyond this point　これ／それ以上
within ~　～以内
from one place to another　～から・・・まで
about a foot to the left　少しひだりがわ
just to the right　ちょうどみぎがわ
step by step　一歩一歩
through ~　～をとお（通）って、～をとお（通）して、～をつう（通）じて
via ~　～をとお（通）って
this side + the other side こちらがわ＋あちらがわ／むこうがわ

4. 1) ADDITION / SUPPLEMENTARY

and　そして、そうして、また、そうすれば [vs. そうしなければ as "or"]
and yet　しかも
too　～も
also　～もまた
again　また
and then　それから、それに
moreover　それに、さらに、その上、しかも
further　さらに、その上、
furthermore　さらに、その上、なお、しかも
besides　　さらに、その上、なお
in addition (to)　（さらに／もう一つ＋）つけくわえると
plus　・・・つけくわえると
and yet　しかも
nevertheless　それにもかかわらず、それでもやはり、しかも
not only X but also Y　Ｘだけでなく（＋て）Ｙも（＋また）・・・だ　（or・・・ではない）
together　いっしょに、こぞって、ともに、共々
jointly　こぞって、そろって

2) an EXPANSION to what precedes

and then/ immediately after　すると
and then　そこで
and then　それで
and then　それでは
then/ and so　それなら

５. COMPARISON transitions to signal what follows is SIMILAR TO what precedes

also ...　また；～もまた
like...; likewise　～と同（おな）じように、～と同様に、～のように
similar to ...　～とにている、　～と同（おな）じように
in the same way; at the same time　～と同じに；～と同時に:　
same　同じ；かわらない
both and　りょうほうとも・・・だ（or・・・ではない）
either X or Y　ＸもＹも・・・　（or・・・ない）
neither X nor Y･　ＸもＹも・・・　（or・・・ない）

６. CONTRAST transitions to signal A CONTRADICTION OR CONTRAST

1) S1 and S2 are opposite.

but; yet; however　しかし
although; though; but; however　けれども
but; however　だが ( used in a written form)　
but; however　ところが ( "intention" never be used in the Clause after this word.)　
unlike ...　～とちがって
different / another　ほか、べつ、ちがった／ちがう、ことなった／ことなる

2) S2 is NOT an expected or predicted result of S1.

however; unlike my expectation　それなのに　
to the contrary; by contraries　それにしては　
but; however　それが　
in spite of the fact that　それにもかかわらないで、それにもかかわらず

3) S2 is an opinion or judgment against S1.　

but; however, hence　でも、
but and yet; still; nevertheless　それでも、しかしながら
but then but still; though　それにしても　 or　あるいは、または

1) CAUSE-EFFECT transitions to signal what follows is A RESULT of what precedes

＊note: Emotive expressions --desire (～たい), will (～ます、volutional forms), request / command (～て下さい／～なさい), suggestion / advice (～たらどうですか／～た方がいい／～べきだ), intention （～つもりだ）, supposition（～かもしれない／～だろう), invitation (～ませんか), etc.

so　だから、それで (で←話言葉,Not used with the emotive expressions)
therefore　だから、それで、したがって(written form; stress on the effect)、それゆえに (written form)、その結果、必然的に、
consequently　したがって、その結果、それゆえに、必然的に、
as a result; as a consequence; consequently　（その＋）結果（けっか）
for this / that reason　（この／その＋）ために (stress on the reason) hence　（その＋）ために (stress on the reason) wherefore　（それ＋）ゆえに because of ~　～のため、～というわけで
due to ~　　～のため、～というわけで

2) To signal that what follows is a REASON of what precedes, use EFFECTー CAUSE transition　　

for　　～というのは・・・からだ、　なぜなら・・・からだ
the reason why ~ is that ･･･～わけは・・・・だ、～理由は・・・だ

8. EMPHASIS

obviously　明らかに
certainly　たしかに
perhaps　多分
surely　たしかに
naturally　とうぜん、あたりまえのことだが・・・
very likely　とうぜん
really　ほんとうに
to be sure　たしかに
in truth; in fact　事実、実は、実際
indeed　本当に、実は、事実、実際
undoubtedly　うたがいなく
assuredly　たしかなことに
without fail　かならず
surprisingly　おどろいたことに

9. AN EXAMPLE, AN ILLUSTRATION, A QUALIFICATION

"a general name / category" called "a specific name" 　”Ｓ”という”Ｇ／Ｃ” such as X, Y, Z　　Ｘ、Ｙ、Ｚなど、ＸとかＹとかＺなど、
for example / for instance　たとえば、れいをあげると、
to illustrate　たとえば、たとえれば、たとえると
generally / in general　いっぱんてきに
usually　ふつう
especially　とくに、とりわけ
specifically　とくに、とりわけ
particularly/ in particular　とくに、とりわけ
occasionally　ばあいによっては
; that is,　つまり、・・・というのは

10. EXPECTED, NATURAL, OR OBVIOUSLY TRUE　　　

to be sure　たしかに
of course　もちろん
naturally　とうぜん
surely　たしかに
for that matter　その（ことの）ために
as a matter of fact　じじつ、まったくもって、じつのところ、事実上、じつは

11. COUNTER ARGUMENT transitions for CONCESSION

of course　もちろん
doubtless　きっと、多分、おそらく、
to doubt that…　…は　うたがわしい
certainly　たしかに
to be sure　たしかめると
granted that…　かりに…だとしても

12. SUMMARY OR CONCLUSION transitions to illustrate that what follows is a REPETITION OR INTENSIFICATION of that which precedes　 *note: Read the section, "cause-effect" also.

in other words; in short ; in brief　すなわち、要するに、せんじつめると
to repeat　くりかえすと
as we have seen　前に見てきたように
as noted earlier　先に書いたように
to put it another way　ほかの言い方をすれば、ほかの言い方をすると
indeed　じじつ
in any case　どんな場合でも
in fact　じじつ
besides　そのうえに、さらに、なお
thus　このように、それゆえに、
for this reason　こういうわけで
on the whole　全体的に
in a word　要するに
to summarize　要約すると
in summary　要約すると
in sum　要旨は
in conclusion　結論は、結びに
to conclude　結論を言うと
finally　さいごに
all in all　全部、すべて

■"chips" to avoid confusion
"The main sentence" means the sentence after the conjunction.
"Emotive expressions" means "will" "desire" "command" and so on.

そして：(1) connect a word, phrase, sentence and another word, phrase, sentence. (2) The main sentence should be a consequential matter. (3) used for "one topic" (person, place, matter) (4) can be used for the relation to express a reason or a result.
それから：(1) connect a word, phrase, sentence and another word, phrase, sentence. (2) chronological matter (3) means "other than that, the next ....." (4) used to change a topic (5) can NOT use for a reason or a result　　
それに：(1) connect a word, phrase, sentence and another word, phrase, sentence. (2) addition (3) objective opinions (4) can NOT use for subjective opinions and commands＜しかも、その上＞
だから：(1) connect a sentence and another sentence. (2) the main sentence is a reasonable effect or a strong reason of the previous sentence--a cause. (3) The main sentence can be "emotive expressions."
それで：(1) connect a sentence and another sentence. (2) the main sentence is an effect, result (3) the previous sentence should be a cause or reason. (4)The main sentence can NOT be "emotive expressions." (5) in a dialog, it is used to urge, facilitate the speaker
その結果：(1) connect a sentence and another sentence. (2) as a result
そのため（に）：(1) connect a sentence and another sentence. (2) for extraordinary goal with often the present tense (3) reason ~ with often the "past sense"
そこで：(1) connect a phrase or sentence and another phrase or sentence. (2) the previous sentence is (often unexpected) situational → next action or natural result occurs.(3) The main sentence should be a verbal sentence, but not an adjectival sentence.
すると／そうすると：(1) connect a sentence and another sentence. (2) the 2nd incident/matter [main sentence] follows to the 1st one. (3) often both sentences are "past tense." (4) The main sentence is a natural consequence of the previous sentence.
それでは／では／じゃあ（くだけた言い方）：(1) connect a sentence and another sentence. (2) The main sentence is the speaker's/writer's suggestion, intention, judgement.
ところが：(1) connect a sentence and another sentence; used when the subbodinate clause is a verbal sentence. (2) unexpected situation (3) The main sentence should be a fact, but not an "emotive" expression.
しかし／でも：(1) connect a phrase or sentence and another phrase or sentence. (2) The content of the main sentence is diffrent from the previous sentence. (3) contrast two opposite things. (4) The main sentence is the speaker's opinion and reaction to the previous sentence. (5) in dialog, to suggest a topic used by men (でも by women)
けれども/けど/けども：(1) connect a phrase or sentence and another phrase or sentence. (2) The content of the main sentence is diffrent from the previous sentence. (3) support the previous sentence more than しかし (4) The main sentence can be the speker's opinion, question, emotion, unexpected thought, doubt, suspition, etc. (5) used just to connect two senences to get attention or soften the speaker's talk.
だが／ですが：(1) connect a sentence and another sentence. (2) The main sentence is diffrent from the previous sentence. (3) contrast two opposite things. (4) 書き言葉／丁寧な言い方
が：(1) connect a phrase or sentence and another phrase or sentence. (2) The main sentence can be the speaker's surprise, unexpected matter OR the speaker's judgement, opinion, reaction. (3) used just to connect two senences to get attention or soften the speaker's talk.
ところで：(1) connect a sentence and another sentence. (2) to change a topic
また：(1) connect a phrase or sentence and another phrase or sentence. (2) also/besides
例えば：(1) connect a phrase or sentence and another phrase or sentence. (2) to bring up an example
それなのに：(1) connect a sentence and another sentence. (2) The content of the main sentence is unexpectedly opposite of the expected result of the previous sentence. (3) The main sentence shows blaming, suprise, unsatisfaction -- negative connotation.