The final exam will be broken down in the following way: 50% on topics introduced since the second hour exam, and 50% on topics covered on the first two exams. It will consist of twenty questions, in the same format as the two previous exams: calculations, identifications, and short answers. I will draw from material discussed in class and from the seven laboratory experiments. Review class notes, exercises and questions in the text, the previous in-class exams and your lab write-ups.  Below is a list of topics that may appear on the exam:

1. Seven labs: formants, sound waves in a cavity, loudspeakers, ohm's law, filters, amplifiers, AM and FM modulation

2. Basic circuit elements: resistors, capacitors, inductors, batteries, ac voltage sources, diodes, transistors.

3. Filters: high pass, low pass

4. Resistors in series and parallel

5. Components of audio systems: preamplifier, power amplifier, loudspeakers, tuner, CD players

6. Analog recording and playback - phonograph, cassette players

7. Digital recording and playback - basics, cd, minidisk and DAT

8. Ohm's law; voltage divider

9. Electromagnetic waves, Faraday effect

10. Radio signals - AM and FM modulation and demodulation, tuners

11. Power in electronic circuits

12. Decibel levels - sound power level, sound intensity level

13. Dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio, crosstalk, ...

14. Binary numbers

15. Hearing - frequency response of the ear, relation of spectrum to timbre