CR REFERENCES, 1965

ECONOMY, COMMERCE, AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES

1965 1st Session, 89th Congress

 

Container: provide a standard dry 1½ quart (see bill S. 18), 167.

Repeal certain acts relative to fruit and vegetable (see bill S. 17). 167.

167: January 6, 1965; Notice only of joint Muskie and Senator Margaret Chase Smith (R-Maine) introduction of two bills: S.17 is listed as “a bill to repeal certain acts relating to containers for fruits and vegetables, and for other purposes,” and S.18, is described as bill “to amend the act of August 31,1916, so as to provide a standard for a dry 1½ quart container.” There is no explanatory information. Both bills are referred to the Commerce Committee.

Fishery resources: conserve offshore (see bill S. 49), 168

168: January 6, 1965; Muskie is listed as a cosponsor of S.49, a Gruening (D-Alaska) bill to conserve the offshore fishery resources of the U.S. This bill extended the limit of U.S. territorial waters to 12 miles from the 3 miles that had been the international standard before this time. In these years, a number of nations were beginning to assert national control over wider reaches of coastal oceans while, at the same time, building up fisheries fleets and aggressively entering fisheries new to them. One U.S. response to this was to propose a similar U.S. assertion of territorial rights over a 12-mile limit. This bill duplicated S.1816, an identical measure introduced in the previous Congress.

Areas sustaining sudden and severe economic hardship: authorize assistance for (see bill S. 400), 1039.

1039: January 22, 1965; Notice only of the cosponsors of S.400, a McIntyre (D-New Hampshire) bill to authorize assistance under the Area Redevelopment Act for certain additional areas which have sustained or are about to sustain sudden and severe economic hardship. The bill was targeted primarily at areas suffering military base closings but also included any region that lost a large manufacturing plant.

Economic development: establish regional commissions to assist areas in need of (see bill S. 812), 1461.

1461: January 28, 1965; Muskie is one of the original cosponsors of S. 812, a McNamara (D- Michigan) bill to provide for the use of public works and other economic programs in a coordinated effort to aid economically disadvantaged areas of the nation. Muskie was a strong supporter of economic development programs in general, in large part because areas of Maine retained stubbornly high unemployment rates. In addition, Senator McNamara was the Chairman of the Senate Public Works Committee, on which Muskie served.

Patents: Private industry using Government grants to secure, 1532, 1535.

1532: January 28, 1965; During debate on the Water Quality Act, Muskie comments on a Long (D-Louisiana) amendment which would make the Water Quality Act subject to the same patent provisions as apply to coal research, helium gas, saline water etc. Long had held hearings some years previously and announced then that whenever federally-financed research was being authorized, he would offer an amendment to cover the results of that research with the same kind of language. In this instance, Muskie indicates he will take the amendment to conference, although the Committee did not consider it at all. Aiken (R-Vermont) takes exception to the easy acceptance of this amendment, claiming that it sets a precedent that ought not be set -- passing major legislation on the Senate floor without prior Committee consideration.

Letter: Economic redevelopment along regional lines, P. S. Hughes, 1674.

Include New England in Appalachia Regional Program, by, 1674

1674: February 1, 1965; During the debate on S.3, the Appalachian Regional Development Act, Senator Ted Kennedy (D- Massachusetts) inserts a statement by Muskie, along with a letter from an official at the Bureau of the Budget, which discusses the idea of creating a federal redevelopment region in New England.

Agriculture: authorize loans to combat certain economic conditions (see bill S. 1126), 2608.

Agriculture: provide loans to farmers and ranchers when suffering from economic conditions, 2615.

2608: February 11, 1965; Notice only of a Muskie bill introduction to “amend the emergency loan authority of the Secretary of Agriculture under subtitle C of the Consolidated Farmers Home Administration Act of 1961 to authorize such loans in areas where credit is not otherwise available because of serious economic conditions for farmers or ranchers.”

2615: February 11, 1965; Muskie makes introductory remarks on S.1126, which amends the lending authority of Agriculture Secretary to authorize Farmers Home Administration (FMHA) emergency loans when private credit is not available. This lending authority would kick in when agricultural product prices are below the cost of production. The bill broadens the existing loan authority for the agency to give it the additional flexibility to provide this type of credit.

Air carriers: require adequate transportation services (see bill S. 937), 2800.

2800: February 17, 1965; Notice of Muskie cosponsorship of S. 937, a Brewster (D-Maryland) bill to require the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) to enforce the duty imposed on each air carrier to provide adequate services in connection with the transportation authorized by its certificate of public convenience and necessity. At this time, air service was routinely regulated by the federal government, and cities fighting for better service were forced to undertake lengthy and costly administrative reviews before the CAB. This bill resulted from the experience of Baltimore, which filed a complaint in 1956 that was not finally reviewed until five years later. The New England Senators, including Muskie, felt their region also suffered from poor air service, and Muskie’s cosponsorship of this bill reflects that fact.

National Wool Act of 1954: extend operation of (see bill S. 994), 2800.

2800: February 17, 1965; Notice of Muskie cosponsorship of S. 994, a McGee (D-Wyoming) bill to extend the operations of the National Wool Act. The Wool Act was a 1964 Eisenhower-era program which paid wool producers whenever wool prices fell below the level deemed necessary to protect the wool industry. The program was established in lieu of an import tariff on wool which would otherwise have been mandatory under federal law. The McGee bill sought to extend the Wool Act program for a further 7 years.

Elva L.: document with coastwise privileges (see bill S. 1275), 3474.

3474: February 24, 1965; Notice only of Muskie introduction, on behalf of himself and Senator Margaret Chase Smith (R-Maine), of a bill to direct the Secretary of the Treasury to cause the vessel Elva L., owned by Harold Bunker of Matinicus, Maine, to be documented as a vessel of the United States with coastwise privileges. At this time, the law required Congress to grant its assent to the chartering of private pleasure vessels. Commercial vessels, such as fishing boats, were routinely chartered by the Coast Guard. Private, non-commercial boat owners had to request such legislation from their representatives in the Congress. Because this was routine private legislation, Muskie made no introductory remarks, as would be normal for a public legislative bill.

Today the Coast Guard has regulations in place that permit the chartering of private recreational vessels without the need for Congressional intervention. At the time Muskie was sponsoring bills such as this, recreational boating was a much more limited leisure activity than it is today.

Irish potatoes: prohibit trading in futures on commodity exchanges (see bill S. 1477), 4586.

4586: March 10, 1965; Notice only of Muskie’s introduction of S.1477, his bill to prohibit trading in Irish potato futures on commodity exchanges. Muskie sought the ban on potato futures trading because potatoes, unlike grain, are not a long-term storage property and futures trading appeared to increase price volatility to the detriment of Maine potato producers.

Economically distressed areas: public works grants to assist (see bill S. 1648), 7270.

7270: April 7, 1965; Muskie is added as a cosponsor of S.1648, a Randolph (West Virginia) bill to develop grants for public works and development facilities and the planning coordination needed to alleviate conditions of substantial and persistent unemployment and underemployment in economically distressed areas and regions. This measure combined the existing Area Redevelopment Act and elements of the Accelerated Public Works Act to create a development program for the whole country which would be similar in some respects to the Appalachian Regional Development Act.

At this time, efforts to actively promote industrial, employment, and economic growth in regions around the country were very popular, and the passage of the Appalachian Regional Development Act spurred representatives of other regions to emulate that approach. Muskie was a long-term supporter of economic development efforts.

Rural water supply program: promotion of (see bill S. 1766),8948.

8948: April 29, 1965; Muskie is added as a cosponsor of S. 1766, an Aiken (R-Vermont) bill to amend the Consolidated Farmers Home Administration Act of 1961 to authorize the Secretary of Agriculture to make or insure loans to public and quasi-public agencies and non-profit corporations with respect to water supply and water systems serving rural areas, and to make grants to aid rural community development planning in connection with the construction of such community facilities, and to increase the annual aggregate of insured loans.

Murphy, Charles S., nomination, 9842.

9842: May 7, 1965; Muskie congratulates Charles S. Murphy, the former Assistant Legislative Counsel to the Senate, a former staffer for President Truman and Agriculture Secretary Orville Freeman, on his nomination to be Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board.

Economically distressed areas: bill (S. 1648) to provide grants for public works and development facilities, 11794-11796,11910-11912, 11914-11916, 12156-12162, 12167, 12168, 12170, 12179, 12180.

Private Financing in Depressed Areas, Committee on Banking and Currency, J.T. Connor, 11911, 11912

Chamberlain, Joshua, 11914.

Table: Public works and developments facilities (sundry), 11915, 12160

Robertson, A. Willis: tribute, 11917.

Table: Local governments involved in bill S.1648, 12157

Kennedy, Edward M.: tribute, 12179.

11794-11796: May 26, 1965; In the debate on S.1648, the Public Works and Economic Development Act, Muskie acts as manager for the bill, which was jointly reported by the Public Works and Banking Committees, on both of which he serves. He describes the two kinds of grants available under the bill: new money for formerly uncovered kinds of expenditures and grants to provide matching funds for previously authorized programs, such as Hill-Burton, the hospital construction program.

11911:May 27, 1965; In response to Hruska’s (R-Nebraska) charge that the interest rate rebate provision in S.1648, the Public Works and Economic Development Act, constitutes a subsidy, Muskie argues that it is instead an inducement for already stable businesses to move into undeveloped areas. He inserts in the Record a lengthy section of Commerce Secretary Connor’s testimony about the incentives needed to locate new plants and the European experience with such incentives. Muskie argues that a small governmental incentive cost will leverage far more in private dollars and subsequent economic growth. Others join the debate, the vote on the Hruska amendment follows; it is defeated 25-39, with 36 not voting.

11914-11916: May 27, 1965; Muskie makes a statement, using a quote from Joshua Chamberlain, describing the focus in S.1648, the Public Works and Economic Development Act on regional development efforts and the fact that the bill recognizes the differences among national regions.

11917: May 27, 1965; In a flurry of tributes to Sen. Willis Robertson (D-Virginia) Muskie adds his own, saying that Robertson, as chairman of the Banking Committee has shown a willingness to give newcomers a share of the legislative load.

12156-12162, 12167, 12168, 12170: June 1, 1965; In response to a series of five Moss (D-Utah) amendments, Muskie agrees that the goal of increasing local participation, hearings and involvement in the process is a sound one that ought to be encouraged, engages in debate over whether some of the language would have the effect of authorizing an Appalachian Regional Commission approach for other regions of the country with Ellender (D-Louisiana), and discusses the general philosophical goals of a public works program with other Senators. He responds to Stennis (D-Mississippi) about the criteria for poverty written into the bill and suggests that since these criteria for rural regions were based on a paucity of data, they will be amenable to change as more data is generated about employment and other factors so the criteria for poverty and the reach of the bill could be expanded to reach the state of Mississippi.

12179, 12180: June 1, 1965, Muskie compliments Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) on his work on regional development, and defends the bill as needed to deal with the pockets of under-development that exist despite otherwise sound economic conditions.

Areas suffering major disasters: additional assistance for (see bill S. 1861), 16621.

16621: July 13, 1965; Muskie is named as a cosponsor of S. 1861, a Bayh (D-Indiana) comprehensive bill designed to provide additional assistance for areas suffering from major disasters. The major change proposed by this measure was to extend federal disaster relief to individuals for damage and loss of private property. At this time, the federal government compensated communities for damages to public property but played no role in the recovery of private businesses and families.

Aviation: inadequacy of airline service, 17367.

Transportation: airline commuter service, 17367.

17367: July 19, 1965; Muskie joins Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) in a floor colloquy about the shortcomings of air transportation services to New England. At this time, the regulated national air service system was not providing adequate coverage to the northern New England area and frequent changes in service considered by the Civil Aeronautics Board increased the uncertainty of air service.

Food and Agriculture Act of 1965: amend bill (H.R. 9811) to enact, 23315.

Agriculture: cotton program, 23322.

Food and Agriculture Act of 1965: bill (H.R. 9811) to enact, 23322, 23529

Agriculture: migrant workers, 23529.

23315: September 9, 1965; During debate on the Food and Agriculture Act, H.R. 9811, the floor manager, Sen. Talmadge (D-Georgia), asks that Muskie’s name be among those of Senators added as cosponsors of his amendment to improve the cotton program. There is no Muskie text at this point. Muskie had endorsed earlier efforts to alter the price support policy for cotton as a means of helping the domestic textile industry against an influx of lower-prices imports.

23322: September 9, 1965; During debate on the Food and Agriculture Act of 1965, H.R. 9811, Muskie comments on the benefits of the program Talmadge is propounding, which would replace an earlier and less satisfactory two-tier pricing scheme. Muskie discussed this program the year before in connection with the trade problems facing the textile industry.

23529: September 9, 1965; During debate on H.R. 9811, the Food and Agriculture Act of 1965, Muskie makes the observation that migrant workers from Canada have been used in Maine potato and apple harvesting, and that there simply are not domestic workers sufficient and willing to take up the slack if all foreign labor were to be banned after 1 year.

Randolph, Jennings: District of Columbia Trucking Association award to, 27325.

Telegram: Tribute to Senator Randolph by Vice President Humphrey, 27325

27325; October 19, 1965; Muskie announces that the D.C. Trucking Association has awarded Senator Randolph (D- West Virginia) their Service Award, and inserts a telegram from the Vice President, Hubert Humphrey which was sent to the Association mentioning passage of the Appalachian Regional bill and the highway beautification program under Randolph’s leadership.

ENERGY

1965 1st Session, 89th Congress

Passamaquoddy-St. John hydroelectric power project: authorize construction of (see bill S. 515). 697.

Passamaquoddy tidal power project: authorize, 713.

697: January 15, 1965; Notice only of Muskie’s introduction of S.515, on behalf of himself and Senator Margaret Chase Smith (R-Maine) of the authorizing bill to construct the Passamaquoddy-St. John River hydroelectric power project. There is no text at this location.

713: January 15, 1965; Muskie makes his introductory remarks on S.515, the Passamaquoddy hydropower construction project, setting forth in detail its benefits as a source of electrical power at prices about 25 percent lower than current, and an economic shot in the arm for a region which was then experiencing unemployment levels as high as 25 percent. Muskie cited studies by the Interior Department and the Army Corps of Engineers which both indicated that the project would be economically feasible. Muskie long believed that as a source of renewable, non-polluting energy, the very powerful tidal surges in Passamaquoddy Bay were a potentially valuable resource that should be exploited.

ENVIRONMENT, PARKS, HISTORIC PRESERVATION, WILDLIFE

1965 1st Session, 89th Congress

Federal Water Pollution Control Administration: establish (see bill S. 4), 166.

Water Pollution: legislation to control and abate, 186.

Text of S. 4, to control and abate water pollution, 188

Analysis: S. 4, to control and abate water pollution, 189.

166: January 6, 1965; Notice only of the introduction of S.4, Muskie’s bill to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, to establish the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, to provide grants for construction of municipal sewage treatment works and to authorize the establishment of standards of water quality.

186, 188, 189; January 6, 1965; Muskie makes his introductory remarks on S.4, the Water Quality Act, noting that it fulfils part of the President’s conservation message for the year and that it differs from the 1963 bill mainly in leaving out the section on water pollution at federal installations and the provisions on biodegradable detergents. He says a separate bill, to deal with air pollution as well as water pollution by federal facilities will be introduced, and that the detergent industry has announced a new timetable for the marketing of biodegradable detergents which will require hearings. The text can be read here.

National Humanities Foundation: establish (see bills S. 111, 316), 169, 1283.

169: January 6, 1965; Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of S.111, a Gruening (D-Alaska) bill designed to “provide for the establishment of the National Humanities Foundation to promote progress, research and scholarship in the humanities and the arts”.

1283: January 26, 1965; Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of S.316, a Pell (D-Rhode Island) bill to create a National Humanities Foundation. Senator Pell chaired a special subcommittee on arts, so his bill was the vehicle for the creation of the Endowment, but Muskie sponsored the version proposed by Senator Gruening as well. Senators will often cosponsor more than one measure on similar subject-matter as a matter of friendship or favor to other Senators.

Federal Air Pollution Control Laboratory: establish (see bill S. 306), 370.

Air pollution: legislation to prevent, 374.

Text of S.306, to prevent air pollution, 375

Analysis: S. 306 to amend Clean Air Act, 376.

370: January 7, 1865; Notice only of the introduction of Muskie’s bill, S.306, to set standards for auto emissions and to establish Federal Air Pollution Control Laboratory.

374, 375: January 7, 1965; Muskie makes his introductory remarks on S.306, the Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1963, describing the new bill as a follow-on to the earlier act, developed after extensive hearings on specific sources of pollution from auto exhausts and the contribution to air pollution of solid waste incineration. At this time, open-air burning of trash was common in communities around the country, and with the growth of population centers, the sheer volume of such combustion became a significant contributor to regional air quality problems.

Water and air pollution: Improved cooperation by Federal agencies to control (see bill S. 560),

698.

Pollution: legislation to control air and water, 732

Text of S.560, to control air and water pollution, 733

Analysis: S. 560, to control air and water pollution, 734.

698; January 15, 1965; Notice only of introduction of S.560, Muskie bill to promote better control of pollution at federal facilities. There is no text at this location.

732, 733, 734: January 15, 1965; Muskie makes introductory remarks on S.560, a bill specifically directed to improving the way federal installations around the country respond to pollution laws. This bill was given impetus by the frequent observations at the time that while the federal government was instructing the states and cities to reduce pollution, federal facilities were often among the worst local polluters. The text of the Muskie statement can be read here.

Appalachian Trail: facilitate management, use, and public benefits from (see bill S.622), 883.

883: January 19, 1965; Muskie is listed as a cosponsor of a Nelson (D-Wisconsin) bill to facilitate the management, use and public benefits from the Appalachian Trail, a scenic trail designed primarily for foot travel through natural primitive areas and extending generally from Maine to Georgia. The purpose of the bill was to promote federal, state, local and private cooperation for the protection of the trail. This bill was one of the early efforts to complete the Appalachian Trail as a continuous walking trail from Georgia to Maine, as it is today.

Water pollution: bill (S. 4) to prevent, 1503-1508, 1509, 1511,1518, 1519, 1527-1533, 1532, 1533, 1535, 1541, 1543, 1545, 18537, 24560.

Letter: Legislation to prevent water pollution, A.J. Celebrezze, 1504

Resolution: Federal Water Pollution Control Advisory Board, 1505

Committee of conference, 24560.

1503-1508: January 28, 1965; Opening the debate on S.4, the Water Quality Act, Muskie gives a brief description of the failure of the House to pass a water pollution control bill in 1963, during the 88^th Congress, describes the revisions made in the new version of the bill, and urges its approval. He includes a letter from the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, Anthony Celebrezze. At this time, pollution control was directed primarily as a health issue, and fell within the jurisdiction of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, today the Health and Human Services Department. Muskie also inserts a resolution adopted by the Federal Water Pollution Control Advisory Board, a Congressionally created body whose members are presidential appointees. The Board’s resolution endorses his bill.

1509: January 28, 1965; Muskie responds to a question from Symington (D-Missouri) about what will be done to provide more adequate cost-sharing with local communities which cannot afford the full costs of waste-water treatment mandated by the bill. Muskie says it’s the intention of the Committee to finish work on that element of the problem during the current session of the Congress.

1511: January 28, 1965; Muskie moves for the adoption of the Committee amendments en bloc. Whenever a Committee marks up a bill, it takes votes on particular changes that it will recommend to the Senate, and reports its approved changes as part of its recommendation that the bill be approved by the Senate. The parliamentary implications of adopting the Committee amendments before considering amendments that originate on the Senate floor with Members who do not serve on the Committee reflect elements of the Senate rules which limit how many amendments to other amendments may be offered. At this time, it was routine for the Senate to adopt Committee amendments without a roll call vote before beginning to debate other amendments.

1518: January 28, 1965; Tower (R-Texas) offers an amendment in the nature of a substitute which would have been the prior Congress’s House version of the bill, which would provide for state control over pollution abatement on the grounds that the authority granted to the proposed Water Quality Administration amounts to the right “zone every stream” in the country. Muskie responds that the authority granted by the bill to this body is vastly exaggerated by Tower and that the bill in fact creates a federal-state-local partnership structure.

1527-1533, 1532: January 28, 1965; Debate over the Cooper (R-Kentucky) amendment, which would have required that the Water Quality Act comply with the full panoply of required hearings and judicial overview in the Administrative Procedures Act. Muskie argued that Cooper’s amendment would not fix those shortcomings identified by Cooper because they are part of current law, not the water bill under debate. The Cooper amendment failed, 29-54. [1532]

Following the vote, Muskie offered language encompassing Cooper’s proposal, which was accepted, 75-0. It is common that when a hostile amendment has been defeated, a bill manager will offer language that is similar, but not identical, to the failed amendment. This is sometimes done to give Senators an alternative to vote for.

In response to an inquiry by Senator Clark (D-Pennsylvania) Muskie assures him that the bill does not affect the existing state compacts such as the Delaware Basin River Commission unless it were to be found that the parties to the compact were not fulfilling their obligations under the compact. At this time there was still substantial editorial and public support for state-level action over federal action on water pollution, so the assorted multi-state “compacts” which existed to deal with air and water pollution were often raised in discussions of federal law on the subject.

1533,1535; January 28, 1965; During the debate on the Water Quality Act, Muskie comments on a Long amendment which would make the Water Quality Act subject to the same patent provisions as apply to research on coal, helium gas, saline water, and similar federally financed efforts. Long had held hearings some years previously and announced then that whenever federally-financed research was being authorized, he would offer an amendment to cover the results of that research with the same kind of language. In this instance, Muskie indicates he will take the amendment to conference, although the Committee did not consider it at all.

1541: January 28, 1965; In response to a Javits (R-New York) proposal to lift the existing limits on the federal cost share of water pollution control projects, sewers, and waste water treatment plants, Muskie points out that the Committee intends to take up a reform of the funding structure in the very near future. Javits withdraws his amendment on the assurance that the Committee will be taking action soon. Amendments are also used by Senators to obtain commitments from colleagues to work on some particular issue, as was the case here.

1545: January 28, 1965; The vote on final passage of S.4, the Water Quality Act, is 68-8 (with 24 not voting). Morse (D-Oregon) pays tribute to Muskie’s leadership on the bill.

18537: July 28, 1965; Following House action on a Water Quality Act bill, Muskie asks for a conference. Because both Houses of Congress must agree on all elements of a bill before it can be placed before the President to be signed into law, temporary committees of conference are created to meet and iron out differences in the two versions of the bill as passed by each House.

24560: September 21, 1965; Muskie submits the conference report on S.4, the Water Quality Act of 1965. He describes the compromises reached with the House, and the conference report is accepted on a voice vote.

Committee on Public Works, 1350, 5473, 10500.

1350: January 27, 1965; Mansfield (D-Montana), the Senate Majority Leader, reports S.4, the Water Quality Act, on behalf of Muskie. Before a bill can be debated in the Senate, it must be reported by the Committee of jurisdiction. That requirement can be overcome by a vote of the Senate, but it is routinely followed. In this instance, the bill was reported so that debate on could take place as scheduled on the following day.

5473: March 22, 1965; Muskie reports S.560, a bill to provide for improved control of pollution in federal installations, Report 89-128. This is a notice of the report only.

10500: May 14, 1965; Muskie reports S.306, a bill to amend the Clean Air Act to require standards for controlling the emission of pollutants from gasoline-powered vehicles and to establish a Federal Air Pollution Control Laboratory, Report 89-192.

Natural beauty -- President's message, 2356.

2356: February 9, 1965; Muskie welcomes President Lyndon Johnson’s message on preventing and controlling pollution and indicates that his Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution will undertake hearings to explore in greater detail how best to accomplish this goal.

Continental Shelf: program to develop resources of (see bill S. 1091), 3478.

3478: February 24, 1965; Muskie is added as a cosponsor to a Bartlett (D-Alaska) bill to establish a program of marine exploration and development of the resources of Continental Shelf.

The U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea had adopted a Convention on the Continental Shelf, which took effect in June 1964. This bill was based on the U.S. rights secured by the Convention, and set up a program of exploration and possible development of ocean resources. Although the United Nations was much taken with the idea of “sharing” the wealth of the oceans with the poorest Third World nations, most member countries sought to exploit their own seabed resources for their own benefit. The most significant oceanic shelf resource today is oil.

Pollution: bill (S. 560) to control from Federal buildings air and water, 5870.

Federal buildings: control air and water pollution by, 5870.

5870: March 25, 1965; Muskie briefly describes S.560, a bill to improve the control of pollutants at federal facilities and installations and to require that newly purchased automobiles for the federal fleet be equipped with tailpipe pollution controls. The bill is passed on a voice vote without further debate, indicating that it is extremely non-controversial. The argument that the federal government should pay as much attention to its own pollutants as it was asking the states and cities to do was made by many at this time, and the swift passage of the bill reflected the consensus position.

Water and air Pollution abatement works: permit 36-month tax amortization of (see bill S. 1670), 6502.

6502: April 1, 1965; Muskie is listed as an original cosponsor of a Ribicoff (D-Connecticut) bill which would amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to encourage the abatement of water and air pollution by permitting the amortization for income tax purposes of the cost of abatement works over a period of 36 months.

Water pollution: problems, 6543, 6545.

What Is Pollution -- to a Conservationist? Society of Civil Engineers, R. H. Stroud, 6543.

Article: Aging Lake Erie, Washington Post, J. M. White, 6545.

6543: April 1, 1965, Muskie comments that the House has passed S.4, the water pollution control bill but without including a section to deal with water quality standards and introduces an article by Richard H. Stroud, of the Sport Fishing Institute, which describes in technical detail the salient elements of the water quality debate.

6545: April 1, 1965; Muskie comments on the recent discoveries that lake pollution is as bad as riverine but presents different problems. He inserts a Washington Post article about Lake Erie and the surrounding states indicating that it is thought to be the age of the lake that is partly responsible for the pollution problems.

Federal-aid highways: assist States in purchase of lands and easements for scenic purposes along (see bill S. 362), 8406.

8406: April 26, 1965; Muskie is added as a cosponsor S. 362, a Nelson (D-Wisconsin) bill to amend title 23 of the United States Code (relating to highways) in order to authorize appropriations to assist the states in the purchase of lands and easements for scenic purposes along federally aided highways. It was during this period that efforts began to eliminate unsightly trash and auto graveyards from highway roadsides, an effort aided by the strong interest of the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson.

Air pollution: bill (S. 306) to control fumes from gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles, 10782.

Federal Air Pollution Control Laboratory: authorize, 10782.

Automobiles: control air pollution caused by diesel engines and, 10782

10782: May 18, 1965; Floor consideration of S.306, which amends the clean air act and establishes a Federal Air Pollution Control Laboratory. There is no debate; Muskie makes a statement describing the bill and the changes made to it in Committee, and it is accepted on a voice vote.

National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities: establish (see bill S. 1483), 11818.

11818: May 26, 1965; Muskie is added as a cosponsor to S. 1483, a Pell (D-Rhode Island) bill to establish a National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities. This bill combined elements of Arts and Humanities bills introduced in the 89^th and earlier Congresses, and had been approved by the Committee in March. Sponsors of those earlier bills, including Muskie, added their names as supporters of this bill. At this time, Senator Pell was chairing a Special Subcommittee on Arts and Humanities at this time, and the creation of what became the National Endowments was the product of that subcommittee.

National Wild Rivers System: add State designated areas 11879.

Conservation: funds for land and water, 11879.

National Wild Rivers System: amend bill (S. 1446) to reserve lands for, 11879.

Allagash River: preserve, 11879.

11879: May 27, 1965; Muskie describes his proposed amendment to S.1446, the Wild Rivers Act, which would include State designated and administered wild river areas to the program, the principal purpose of which was to end the deadlock between state and federal officials over the designation and protection of the Allagash River in Maine.

Washington Navy Yard: preserve as historic interest certain structures and lands of (see bill S. 1927), 11192

11192: May 21, 1965; Muskie is added as a cosponsor of S.1927, a Bartlett (D-Alaska) bill to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to preserve as an area of historic interest certain structures and lands comprising the Washington Navy Yard in the District of Columbia.

Department of Marine and Atmospheric Affairs: establish (see bill S. 2251),15770.

Importance of Oceanography, J. H. Wakeline, 15773

Text of S. 2251, to establish Department of Marine and Atmospheric Affairs, 15776.

Department of Marine and Atmospheric Affairs: establish, 15773-15776.

Marine research: coordinate, 15773-15776.

Atmospheric research: coordinate, 15773-15776.

15770; July 7, 1965; Notice only of Muskie’s introduction of S. 2251, his bill to create a Marine and Atmospheric Coordination Act.

15773-15776: July 7, 1965; Muskie introductory remarks on his bill, The Marine and Atmospheric Affairs Coordination Act, S.2251. Muskie’s bill was one of many entries in the field, as efforts were made to create an office with broad jurisdiction over the marine environment. Muskie indicated that he introduced his bill as a catalyst to take all elements of oceanic issues into account, including fisheries resources, an issue of particular significance to the state of Maine.

National Oceanographic Council: bill (S. 944) to establish, 19567.

Oceanography: expand, 19567.

Magnuson, Warren G.: tribute, 19567.

Ocean Science and Ocean Engineering Conference, Jacques Cousteau, 19568

Introduction of Captain Cousteau to Ocean Science and Engineering Conference, J. H. Wakelin, 19568.

19567; August 5, 1965; During debate on S.944, a Magnuson (D-Washington) bill to provide for expanded research in the oceans and Great Lakes, to establish a National Oceanographic Council, a Magnuson bill, Muskie praises the bill’s purpose and compares it with his own bill, S.2251, to coordinate oceanic policy.

19568: August 5, 1965; Muskie inserts a speech by Jacques Cousteau, a well-known pioneering oceanographic explorer and engineer, and introductory remarks by a former Assistant Navy Secretary for Research and Development, James H. Wakelin

Federal-aid highway systems: bill (S. 2084) to provide for scenic development and beautification of, 23872, 23875, 23876, 24116, 24117, 24127-24132, 24143.

Letter: Providing information on facilities to traveling public, by J. Connor, 24116, 24117

Randolph, Jennings, tribute to, 24143.

23872: September 15, 1965; During debate on S. 2084, a bill to provide for scenic improvements along the routes of federally-aided highways, Muskie briefly interjects his agreement with the Committee’s intention to provide compensation for billboard owners and property owners as the ban on billboards is extended to the entire primary road system of 225,000 miles. He makes the point that this is a significant change in the rules enacted in 1921, under which advertising was permitted, and that it is only fair to compensate people when the rules under which they operate are changed.

23875, 23876: September 15, 1965; Muskie has a lengthy discussion with Holland (D-Florida) about the effect of the billboard limitations on the primary road system and whether or not they will adversely affect small resort and hospitality facilities.

24116-24117; September 16, 1965; Muskie explains in some detail what the status of billboards is and will be under the bill and also produces a letter from the Commerce Secretary who intends to develop a system of road signs for use on interstates so that drivers can know what services exist at each exchange.

24127-24132; September 16, 1965; In debate on the highway bill, Muskie seeks to clarify a Cooper (R-Kentucky) amendment on the zoning of lands alongside the highway system to permit billboards so as to make sure the interstate system cannot be sullied with billboards.

24143: September 16, 1965; Muskie commends Randolph for persevering with the highway bill and developing a worthwhile bill. As an example of Senatorial courtesy in excess, this tribute stands for many:

 

Without desiring to prolong unduly the session this evening, I believe it should be stated that as one member of the subcommittee, in my judgment – and I am sure in the judgment of the rest of the subcommittee – the distinguished Senator from West Virginia [Mr. RANDOLPH] in handling this bill on the floor of the Senate has accepted and survived with great credit one of the more difficult and frustrating assignments which I have seen assumed by any Senator in that capacity in some time. So he has to add to his credit not only the outstanding work which he performed in the committee but also the great patience and wisdom which he has shown on the floor of the Senate, to say nothing of his fortitude in handling this difficult assignment. I should like to add my personal commendation to the Senator from West Virginia.

Federal Air Pollution Control Laboratory: bill (S. 306) to establish, 25850.

Motor vehicles: regulate exhaust fumes from, 25850.

Letter: Regulate exhaust fumes from motor vehicles, W. J. Cohen, 25850

25850: October 1, 1965; Muskie describes the differences in the House-passed version of the clean air act amendments and the one the Senate adopted, and indicates that he is prepared to accept the House changes in the bill, particularly since he has had assurance from Wilbur J. Cohen, the acting Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, that the Department does not intend to use certain of the House provisions as a pretext to reduce enforcement of clean air standards.

Tribute in House, 26371.

26371; October 7, 1965; Rep. Stanley Tupper (D-Maine) in Extensions of Remarks, makes reference to Muskie and his air pollution bill, S.306, in connection with a statement about a Readers Digest article on air pollution.

NATIONAL SECURITY/FOREIGN AFFAIRS

1965 89th Congress, 1st Session

Foreign development programs: aid colleges and universities to provide research and training to promote (see bill S. 1212), 3201.

3201: February 19, 1965; Muskie is shown as an original cosponsor of S. 1212, a McGovern (D-South Dakota) bill to allow the Agency for International Development to help colleges and universities establish programs on foreign development and for research, education, training and advisory and technical assistance by colleges and universities, in connection with programs of assistance to developing nations.

Russia: express sense of Congress relative to persecution of Jews by (see S. Con. Res. 17), 4496.

4496: March 9, 1965; Muskie is added as a cosponsor to S. Con. Res. 17, a Ribicoff (D-Connecticut) resolution condemning the treatment of Jews in the Soviet Union. Throughout the Soviet period, the treatment of Jewish citizens varied, but an enduring antisemitic hostility was never completely in abeyance. Stalin’s last attempted crackdown, halted by his death, was directed at Jews. Jewish residents of the Soviet Union were identified as Jews in the internal passports that all Soviet citizens were issued. In 1960 President Eisenhower raised the treatment of Soviet Jews with Khruschev at Camp David. Meanwhile, as the Soviet Union had been aggressively pursuing diplomatic goals in the Arab nations of the Middle East, the Arab efforts to impose a third-party boycott of Israel in their dealings with U.S. companies exacerbated the situation. Congress responded by increased efforts to raise the profile of this issue through resolutions of condemnation.

Polish Constitution Day, 9223.

9223: May 3, 1965; Muskie makes a brief statement, along with Senators Proxmire (D-Wisconsin), Saltonstall (R-Massachusetts), Edward Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) and Case (R-New Jersey), about Polish Constitution Day, which commemorates the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791, a document the squabbling Polish nobility accepted just in time for the Third and final Partition of Poland among Austria, Prussia and Russia, which ended the existence of Poland as an independent country until 1918.

International Association of Students in Economic and Commercial Sciences, 13454.

13454: June 14, 1965; Muskie lauds the International Association of Students in Economic and Commercial Sciences as a widely used and excellent source of managerial training on an international basis, operating in 38 countries, including 60 campuses in the U.S., and facilitating 4500 bilateral exchanges between students and corporate sponsors in 1965. At this time, with the Cold War very much in place, international student exchanges were one of the areas in which the U.S. competed with the Soviet Union for the allegiance of people in the developing countries.

Military installations: bill (H.R. 8439) authorizing certain construction at, 15011, 15012.

15011, 15012: June 28, 1965; In the debate on H.R. 8439, the military construction bill, Muskie discusses the constitutional implications of Sec. 608 of the bill, which would require the Defense Department to notify Congress of projected base closures or re-alignments. Objections had arisen that this requirement would infringe on the President’s role as Commander-in-Chief.

Civilians aboard submarine Thresher furnish memorial markers for (see S.J. Res.- 94), 15038.

15038: June 29, 1965; Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of S. J. Res 94, a McIntyre (D - New Hampshire) resolution authorizing the Secretary of the Army to furnish a memorial headstone or markers to commemorate those civilians who lost their lives aboard the submarine U.S.S. Thresher. The U.S.S. Thresher was the lead ship of a class of 3700-ton nuclear-powered attack submarines, designed to dive significantly deeper than its predecessors. It was lost during a test dive 200 miles off the coast of Cape Cod, along with all hands, 129 men, including civilian technicians. It had been built and overhauled at the U.S. Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, at Kittery, Maine.

Fishery zone: establish 12-mile territorial (see bills S. 2218, S.2225), 15364, 15860.

15364: June 30, 1965; Muskie is added as a cosponsor of S.2225, a bill introduced by Senator Magnuson (D-Washington) to extend U.S. territorial waters to 12 miles. At this time, the commonly accepted territorial water boundary was 3 miles, and the 12-mile extension was seen by many as a dangerous precedent that would encourage other countries to make similar claims on their territorial waters to the detriment of U.S. interests.

 

15860: July 8, 1965; Muskie is added as a cosponsor of S.2218, a Bartlett (D-Alaska) bill which would provide an additional 9-mile fisheries zone beyond the existing 3-mile territorial ocean limit. During this period, as various nations built up their fishing fleets through the use of government subsidies, national fleets were actively exploring the extent to which they could fish in waters they had not traditionally fished, and an increased pressure was exerted on U.S. fisheries on both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts.

Exports: bill (H.R. 7105) to provide for continuation of authority for regulation of 15387, 15388, 15390, 15391.

Letter: Opposition to restrictive trade policies or boycotts, by J.T. Connor, 15390

United Arab Republic: boycott, 15390, 15391.

15387, 15388, 15390, 15391: June 30, 1965; Muskie acts as floor manager of H.R.7105, the Export Administration Act, and in that capacity, accepts a Javits(R-New York)-Williams(D-New Jersey) amendment prohibiting American firms’ involvement or support for third-party boycotts by foreign nations, primarily of Israel. A letter from the Commerce Secretary indicates that the language is acceptable to the Department and the amendment is therefore added to the bill on a voice vote.

Appointed to Interparliamentary Union Conference (alternate) 19536.

19536: August 5, 1965;  Muskie is one of several Senators appointed to attend the 54^th Interparliamentary Union Conference at Ottawa, Canada. Muskie often served on such interparliamentary bodies, particularly those involving Canada, because of the natural interests that affect many Maine residents.

Department of Defense: bill (H.R. 9221) making appropriations for, 21716.

21716: August 25, 1965; During debate on the defense appropriations bill, H.R.9221, Muskie adds a comment that greater savings could be achieved by the use of Naval shipyards in the conversion, alteration and repair of nuclear submarines than by using private shipyards. He commends Stennis (D-Mississippi), the Chairman of the Armed Services Committee, for having explicitly stated that the use of private shipyards is not a matter of statute law, but lies within the discretion of the Secretary of Defense. Muskie expresses the hope that this discretionary authority will be exercised with care.

Zuckert, Eugene M.: tribute, 25525.

25525; September 29, 1965; Muskie joins Senator Russell (D- Georgia) in paying tribute to the Secretary of the Air Force, Eugene M. Zuckert. Zuckert had announced his retirement from government service, so a number of Senators expressed the customary regrets and their thanks for his contribution to public life on the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Atomic Energy Commission, as well as the Defense Department.

Polish nation: U.S. people to observe millennium of (see S.J. Res. 117), 27919.

Polish nation: issue series of postage stamps commemorating millennium of (see bill S. 2646), 27919.

27919; October 21, 1965; Muskie’s name is added to S. J. Res. 117, a joint resolution on U.S. observance of the occasion of Poland’s 1000^th year of Christianity, and S. 2646, a Boggs (R-Delaware) bill authorizing the issuance of a postage stamp in commemoration and observance of this fact.

HUMAN RESOURCES PROGRAMS

1965 1st Session, 89th Congress

Aged: hospital insurance program under social security for (see bill S. 1), 166.

166: January 6, 1965; Muskie is one of many Senators to cosponsor S.1, the Anderson (D-New Mexico)-Gore (D-Tennessee) bill to “provide a hospital insurance program for the aged under social security,” the Medicare bill. By this time, the Democratic goal of providing a system of hospital insurance to the elderly had become one of the priorities of the 89^th Congress, and it had Muskie’s enthusiastic support.

Higher education students: establish programs to assist (see bill S. 5), 912.

912: January 19, 1965; Notice of cosponsorship only. Muskie is added to S.5, a Hartke (D-Indiana) bill to provide assistance for students in higher education by establishing programs for student grants, loan insurance, and work-study programs. Student aid other than G.I. Bill programs became a priority in these years, as increasing numbers of American high school students headed for college, including those whose family backgrounds did not routinely include college education. Existing federal assistance was limited to the G.I. Bill, available only to veterans, and the National Defense Student Loan Act, a 1958 enactment spurred by the Soviet space program, which was the first to launch a satellite (Sputnik) and to orbit a human being (Yuri Gagarin).

 

Educational resources: strengthen for colleges and universities (see bill S. 600), 1746.

1746: February 1, 1965; Notice of Muskie cosponsorship of S.600, a Morse (D-Oregon) bill to strengthen the educational resources of our colleges and universities and to provide financial assistance for students in post-secondary and higher education. As a strong proponent of need-based student aid for college, Muskie often agreed to cosponsor more than one bill on the subject. He also sponsored the Hartke higher education aid bill, S. 5, in this Congress.

Civil Service Retirement Act: authorize retirement of certain persons. without reduction of annuity, after 20 years of service (see bill S. 1140), 1779.

1779: This is a typographical error. The correct page number is 2779.

2779: February 17, 1965; Muskie is listed as one of the original cosponsors of S. 1140, a Javits (R-New York) bill to amend the Civil Service Retirement Act to authorize retirement without reduction in annuity for employees with 20 years of service who are involuntarily separated from service by reason of the abolition or relocation of their employing agency. During the prior 4 years, 149,000 civil service jobs had been eliminated, creating a hardship for workers with long terms of service who were not old enough to have earned the full pension but were too old to earn a pension in a new career. At this time, civil servants were not covered under Social Security, so without a vested pension or the additional time to become eligible for Social Security benefits, which requires ten years of covered employment, the outlook for older civil servants could be serious. There were no individual 401(k) plans or other such programs available at this time.

Packaging or labeling: prevent use of unfair methods of (see bill S. 985), 1972.

1972: February 3, 1965; Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of the Hart (D-Michigan) bill to regulate interstate and foreign commerce by preventing the use of unfair or deceptive methods of packaging or labeling of certain consumer commodities. Muskie had cosponsored earlier versions of this Hart bill, and it remained one of the primary consumer goals of the period.

Animals: provide for humane treatment of, when used for scientific purposes (see bill S. 1071), 3305.

3305: February 22, 1965; Muskie is added as a cosponsor of S.1071, a Clark (D-Pennsylvania) bill to provide for the humane treatment of vertebrate animals used in experiments and tests by recipients of grants from the United States and by agencies and instrumentalities of the U.S. government.

Eldercare, Consumer Reports, 3496.

3496: February 23, 1965; In response to an American Medical Association promotion of something it called “eldercare” in lieu of S.1, the Anderson (D-New Mexico) Medicare bill, Muskie inserts a report by Consumer Reports magazine which dissects the differences in the two approaches.

Veterans' facilities: require 6 months' advance public notice of planned closing or relocation of (see bill S. 969), 4116.

4116: March 4, 1965; Muskie is listed as a cosponsor of S.969, a Boggs (R-Delaware) bill which would require that 6 months’ advance notice of the planned closing or relocation of any veterans’ facility be provided to the Congress, and which provided for at least one veterans service center to exist in each state. At this time, veterans’ benefits were generous and were often the focus of Administration attention, both Democratic and Republican, when budgetary savings were needed. Over the years, this pressure generated a Congressional response which culminated in creation of a Veterans Affairs Committee and the present Cabinet department.

Educational quality and opportunities: bill (H.R. 2362) to strengthen and improve, 7711.

7711: April 9, 1965; Muskie makes a brief statement on the vote on final passage of H.R. 2362, the major elementary and secondary education aid bill, which for the first time provided substantial federal assistance to the states for the benefit of local schools.

Deaf persons: extend and expand captioned film program for (see bill S. 2232), 15340

15340: June 30, 1965; Notice of Senator Pell’s (D-Rhode Island) introduction of a bill, cosponsored by Muskie, to amend the law providing for captioned films for the deaf, to extend its reach to other educational media for the deaf. Muskie was the original author of the captioned films program several years earlier, and maintained an interest in it, even though he never served on the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, which had jurisdiction over the issue.

Aged: bill (H.R. 6675) to provide hospital insurance under social security for, 16070.

16070: July 9, 1965; During the debate on the bill to create Medicare, Muskie questions Prouty (R-Vermont) about his amendment, which would extend Social Security coverage to all persons 70 and over not at present covered under Social Security. Muskie wanted to know how this coverage would interact with mostly means-tested old-age assistant programs run by the states, and also whether the coverage would in any way be means-tested. The debate is excerpted here.

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964: bill (H.R. 8283) to enhance effectiveness of program under, 20676.

20676: August 17, 1965; During the debate on H.R. 8283, The Economic Opportunity Amendments of 1965, Muskie expresses his support for the bill, in particular the expansion of the VISTA program so that it could include persons, such as Maine Passamaquoddy and Penobscot Indians who do not live on federal reservations, among persons served by VISTA volunteers.

Office of Economic Opportunity: work study program of, 24535.

Letter: Report on work-study program, office of economic opportunity, J.M. Gooding, 24535

Neighborhood Youth Corps, Bridgton News, 24535.

24535; September 21, 1965; Muskie inserts a letter from a John Gooding, who is a work-study student at the University of Maine, and an editorial from the Maine Bridgton News, both of which point out the good work that the Office of Economic Opportunity has done. Muskie used anecdotal articles like this to refute the continued claims of Republicans that spending money to combat poverty would never work.

Employee welfare and pension plans: provide additional protection for participants and beneficiaries of (see bill S. 2627), 26628.

26628; October 12, 1965; Muskie is listed as a cosponsor of S.2627, a McClellan (D-Arkansas) bill to amend the Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act for the purpose of providing additional protection for the interests of beneficiaries of employee welfare and pension benefit plans. At this time, the only federal control over pension funds was a disclosure requirement to the Labor Department. The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, which McClellan chaired, found that two union pension and welfare funds had been raided of $4 million by union officials, but that under federal law, nothing they had done was actually illegal. This bill was the response to that situation.

GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS

1965 1st Session, 89th Congress

Federal, State, and local governments: enable greater cooperation and coordination among (see bill S. 561), 698.

Governmental activities: provide cooperation and coordination of all, 734.

Text of S.561, to achieve cooperation of all government activities, 735

Analysis: S. 561, to achieve cooperation of all governmental activities, 738.

698: January 15, 1965; Notice only of Muskie introduction of S.561, the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act, an omnibus federalism bill.

734: January 15, 1965; Muskie makes introductory remarks on S.561, his bill to improve the way federal funds are disbursed to the states, which he says culminates two years of study by his Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee on the best ways to facilitate the federal-state-local interaction.

National Economic Conversion and Diversification Commission: establish (see bill S. 30), 1037, 1283.

1037: January 22, 1965; Muskie is shown as one of the cosponsors of S.30, a McGovern (D-South Dakota) bill designed to create an economic Conversion and Diversification Commission. This was a defense conversion proposal, based on the assumption that defense spending would be slowing and that a formal structure would be needed to redirect the funds. This has remained a popular approach to the defense budget.

1283: January 26, 1965;  Muskie’s name appears among a list of cosponsors of S.30, the bill establishing a National Economic Conversion and Diversification Commission. This notice is printed for the purpose of adding cosponsor names to a new printing of the bill.

Committee on Government Operations, study of Federal-State Intergovernmental Relationships (see S. Res. 59), 1231, 1243

Committee on Government Operations, 1231, 12966, 19066.

1231: January 26, 1965; Muskie reports S. Res. 59, authorizing a study of intergovernmental relationships between United States and the States and municipalities.

1243: January 26, 1965; Notice of the Muskie report of S. Res. 59, which appears in a different part of the Record.

12966: June 9, 1965; Muskie submits the Report 89-306, “Disposal of Ellis Island.”

19066: August 3, 1965; Muskie reports S.561, the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act, from Government Operations, Report 89-538.

Federal grants-in-aid to States: periodic congressional review of (see bill S. 689), 1240.

1240: January 26, 1965; Muskie cosponsors a bill by Mundt (R-South Dakota) to provide for periodic congressional review of federal grants-in-aid to states and to local units of government.

Mundt was the ranking Republican member on Muskie’s Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee, and this cosponsorship reflects a courtesy by the Chairman to his ranking member. Muskie’s own federalism bills had long included periodic review of grant programs, and the bill he introduced in 1965, S.561, continued to contain the provision. Extending the courtesy of endorsing a Republican bill was a common way that Chairmen would seek to maintain a bipartisan spirit in their Committees and Subcommittees.

Public lands: adjust legislative jurisdiction over certain (see bill S. 1007), 1985.

1985: February 4, 1965; Muskie is listed as a cosponsor of S. 1007, a McClellan (D-Arkansas) bill to provide for the adjustment of the legislative jurisdiction exercised by the United States over land in the several states used for federal purposes.

Public health grants-in-aid: greater flexibility to States in use of (see bill S. 1023), 2172.

Public health grants-in-aid: provide flexibility to States in use of, 2180.

Text of S.1023, provide flexibility to States in public health grants-in-aid, 2180

2172: February 8, 1965; Notice only of Muskie introduction of S. 1023, his bill to provide greater flexibility to the states in the use of certain public health grants-in-aid.

2180: February 8, 1965; Muskie makes his introductory remarks on S.1023, a bill to give states the right to switch federal grant funds between certain public health programs, and explains the origins and development of the idea which the bill encompasses.

Committee on Government Operations: notice of hearings, 2189, 9214, 14958

Uniform Relocation Act: change of committee reference, 9215.

2189: February 8, 1965;  Muskie announces hearings for March 29 through April 1 by the Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations on S. 561, his omnibus federalism bill.

9214, 9215: [Page 9215 is an error] May 3, 1965; Muskie makes the request to discharge the Banking Committee from consideration of S.1681, the Uniform Relocation Act and asks that it be referred to the Government Operations Committee, since a Sparkman (D- Alabama) bill on relocation has been referred to the latter Committee. Senator Sparkman was chairman of the Committee, so the request was agreed to with no objections The request to discharge a Committee from consideration of a bill is normally made after the Chairman and other interested parties on the Committee have agreed to waive jurisdiction over the bill.

14958: June 28, 1965; Muskie announces hearings on S.1281 and S.1681, two bills dealing with compensation for the federal acquisition of property, for June 30, July 1, and July 13. One of these bills, S.1681, was Muskie’s Uniform Relocation Act, a bill designed to make certain that people and businesses displaced by federal projects would be given adequate compensation for their losses.

Committee on Government Operations: resolution (S. Res. 59) to authorize study of intergovernmental relationships, 2252-2254.

Letter: authorizing continuance of Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations to Senator B. E. Jordan, by, 2252

2252-2254: February 8, 1965; During consideration of a resolution increasing the funding for the Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee, Muskie has to defend the work and purpose of the Subcommittee to Ellender (D-Louisiana), the Chairman of the Appropriations Committee. There has always been some hostility to the creation or expansion of new subcommittees in the Senate, of which this exchange is one example. The letter cited is the routine letter written to the Rules Chairman in support and explanation of the work of a new subcommittee by the Chairman of the new Subcommittee.

Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations: annual report, 2634-2636.

2634-2636: February 11, 1965; Muskie presents the 6^th annual report of the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, which details the Commission’s reports and work for the prior year.

Federally Impacted areas: permanency of authorization for certain payments to (see bill S. 1108), 3305.

3305: February 22, 1965: Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of S. 1108, a Brewster (D-Maryland) bill to make permanent the authorization for federal-impact payments which are now authorized by assorted laws and lifts a restriction on large school districts (those serving over 35,000) which used to be eligible only when 6-percent or more of their students were federal impacted students, making the eligibility point 3-percent regardless of the size of the school district. The annual or bi-annual re-authorization of federal impact aid programs over the prior 14 years had led to time lapses in granting the funds for impact aid, such as the 5 month hiatus in 1963, which created hardships for local school districts.

The rationale for federal-impact aid was based on the idea that local communities and states have to provide regular services such as education, fire and police protection for persons employed on federal facilities, who were often non-contributors to the local taxes that pay for such services. Muskie strongly supported the idea that the federal government should provide offsetting payments to the states and localities impacted by federal employees. This bill would have consolidated assorted federal-impact programs.

Text of Senate Concurrent Resolution 27, to print "Catalog of Federal Aids to State and Local Governments," 4586.

Catalog of Federal Aids to State and Local Governments: print additional copies of, (see S. Con. Res. 27, 45) 4586, 19074

The Commission on Intergovernmental Relations: print additional copies of, (see S. Con. Res. 44), 19074.

4586: March 10, 1965; Muskie submits a resolution, S. Con. Res. 27, to authorize the printing of an additional 60,000 copies of a publication “Catalog of Federal Aids to State and Local Governments.”

19074: August 3, 1965; Muskie submits a resolution, S. Con. Res. 45, to authorize the printing of additional copies of “Catalog of Federal Aids to State and Local Governments and the 1965 supplement thereto.”

 

Appointed to Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 4692.

4692: March 10, 1965; The Vice President appoints members of the Senate to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, including Muskie, Ervin (D- North Carolina) and Mundt (R-South Dakota). Muskie was instrumental in creating the federally chartered Commission, and served on it from the beginning.

Federal and federally assisted programs: provide fair and equitable treatment of persons displaced by (see bill S. 1681),6503.

Uniform Relocation Act: proposed, 6532.

Relocation: program to assist in, 6532.

Text of S.1681, to provide aid to persons displaced by Federal Government, 6534

Analysis: S. 1681. to provide aid to persons displaced by Federal Government, 6536.

6503: April 1, 1965; Notice only of Muskie introduction of S.1681, the Uniform Relocation Act, a bill to provide for uniform, fair and equitable treatment of persons, businesses or farms displaced by federal and federally assisted programs.

6532, 6534, 6536; April 1, 1965; Muskie makes introductory remarks on S. 1681, the Uniform Relocation Act, pointing out that the pace of urban renewal and highway construction suggest that as many as 111,000 households and businesses may be forced to move in the coming 4 to 8 years. He describes the differences in federal and state laws which lead to very different reimbursement of those forced to move, depending upon which particular program is displacing them, and urges enactment of his bill which would provide uniformity in treatment of persons displaced by federal or federally-assisted programs.

Relocation: Problems of, 9215

9215: May 3, 1965; Muskie announces joint hearings by his Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations and the counterpart House Subcommittee, which are to review the findings of the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations and related issues in federalism for May 25, 26, and 27. One of the principal roles of the Commission was to review and make recommendations for streamlining the relationships between the different levels of government, and Muskie made substantial efforts to highlight these recommendations and have the Congress act on them.

Intergovernmental cooperation: bill (S. 561) to promote, 19578.

19578: August 5, 1965; Muskie describes the hearings held and the modifications made to his bill, S.561, the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act, and urges that it be passed by the Senate. The bill is voice voted.

Urbach, Stuart: eulogy, 20164.

20164: August 12, 1965; Muskie gives a brief eulogy on the death of Stuart Urbach, a senior analyst at the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, on which he serves. Senators often thank staff for their work at the close of a Senate debate, announce the retirement or appointment to higher office of staff persons, and note their deaths. Although the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations was not a Senate organization, it was created largely as a result of Muskie’s own work, he served on it from its creation, and he worked closely with the staff.

Intergovernmental Cooperation Act: support for, 20887.

Federal-State relations, 20887.

Governors' Conference, B. Ellington, 20887

Editorial: Chaos or Correction, National Civic Review, S. F. Zimmerman, 20889

20887: August 18, 1965; Muskie notes that President Johnson has appointed a former Governor of Tennessee, Buford Ellington, as his liaison on intergovernmental matters, and inserts the text of Ellington’s speech to the National Governors’ Conference in Minneapolis on July 28. Throughout this period, Muskie urged the Administration to create an office focused on intergovernmental relations, and although this appointment did not fulfil his hopes, he regarded it as step in the right direction.

He also inserts an editorial from National Civil Review, the magazine of the National Municipal League, which endorses his bill, S.561, the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act.

Property tax: reforms, 21173

State Tax Collections Soar, by Wall Street Journal, 21173.

Property Tax Debate, Wall Street Journal, J. Mathewson, 21174.

21173: August 19, 1965; Muskie inserts two articles about property taxes and state efforts to overhaul the structure of property taxes which illustrate what he has identified as a growing concern: that public tolerance for higher property taxes and state reliance on them for funding education and other services are reaching an unstable level. Muskie was one of the first to identify what became the anti-tax backlash and began with soaring property tax rates for which most states were unable to develop alternatives or relief. These articles provide an interesting historical perspective on the long-running national debate over taxes.

Civil Law, Constitutional Law, Criminal Law

1965 1st Session, 89th Congress

Presidency and Vice Presidency: amend Constitution relative to succession to (see S.J. Res. 1), 172.

172: January 6, 1965; Muskie is one of many Senators to cosponsor S. J. Res. 1, the Bayh (D-Indiana) joint resolution to amend the Constitution on the subject of presidential and vice presidential succession to create a procedure applying to instances where the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office.

This Resolution became the 25^th Amendment to the Constitution when it was passed by the Congress in 1965 and ratified by 39 states on February 23, 1967.

Immigration and Nationality Act: amend (see bill S. 500), 696.

696: January 15, 1965; Muskie is an original cosponsor of S. 500, a Hart (D-Michigan) bill which embodied the immigration reform plan of the Johnson Administration to abolish national-origin immigration quotas and instead substitute the family-reunification system now in place. Senator Hart had been proposing to eliminate the national-origin immigration quotas for several years, and Muskie was a consistent cosponsor of those efforts.

Simonian, Simon D., et al.: for relief (see bill S. 1128). 2609.

Litto, Ines M. F.: for relief (see bill S. 1127), 2609.

Wang, Lee K.: for relief (see bill S. 1274), 3474.

Tentunian, Perouze: for relief (see bill S. 1533), 5152

Simone, Ellanore E.: for relief (see bill S. 2257), 15857.

2609; February 11, 1965; Notice only of Muskie introduction of two private relief bills.

3474: February 24, 1965; Notice only of Muskie introduction of a private relief bill.

5152: March 16, 1965; Notice only of Muskie introduction of a private relief bill.

15857: July 8, 1965; Notice only of Muskie introduction of a private relief bill.

Private bills are commonly used to deal with the idiosyncratic problems that can arise when conflicting requirements of the law affect an individual and the law provides no way to resolve the conflict, or such cases when compensation to a citizen from the government may be warranted but is not actually covered by any existing law. Most private bills arise from constituent casework, where the ability of a Senator’s caseworker staff runs up against limits in the law or a lack of legal authority covering the particular circumstances of a given case.

Details of private bills are never published in the Congressional Record. The paperwork justifying a private bill is handled by the Committee of jurisdiction, usually the Judiciary Committee, which reviews the facts and law of the case and determines whether or not to report favorably on it. Private bills were more common in past years; the expansion of federal courts of adjudication and other arbitration mechanisms throughout government leaves fewer persons who have legitimate claims without redress. Additionally, past scandals in which individual Members of Congress were found to be selling their ability to introduce private bills have helped reduce the willingness of Members to introduce private bills.

Voting rights: enforce Constitution relative to (see bill S. 1564), 5411.

5411: March 18, 1965; Muskie is listed as one of many original sponsors of S. 1564, the Mansfield (D-Montana) bill to enforce the 15^th amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The 15^th Amendment provides that Congress can enforce the right to vote by legislative action; the continuing argument over the constitutionality of voting rights laws – as opposed to a Constitutional Amendment – was drawing to a close by this time, and the fact that Senator Mansfield, the Senate Majority Leader, introduced the voting rights bill along with the Senate Minority Leader, Senator Dirksen (R-Illinois), signified that a majority was finally ready to act.

Voting rights: amend bill (S. 1564) to enforce Constitution relative to, 9508

9508: May 5, 1965; Muskie is listed as a cosponsor of a Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) amendment to S. 1564, the Mansfield-Dirksen amendment in the nature of a substitute for S.1564, the Voting Rights Act. The Kennedy amendment was a statutory prohibition on poll taxes to replace the Mansfield-Dirksen language, which provided for a court test of the constitutionality of poll tax payment as a voter qualification. Three years before, Congress passed a Constitutional amendment barring poll tax qualifications in federal elections, which was ratified and became the 24^th amendment to the Constitution. Subsequently, only four states retained poll taxes as a qualifier for state elections, and the argument was over the best way to finally end this practice and whether it was best ended by statutory law or by a challenge in the courts.

Internal Revenue Service: prohibit opening of mail by (see bill S. 1886), 10974.

10974: May 19, 1965; Muskie is added as a cosponsor to a Long (D- Missouri) bill, S.1886, to prohibit the opening of mail by the Internal Revenue Service. Statutory law at this time permitted the Internal Revenue Service to seize property from tax delinquents, and because the statute did not explicitly exclude mail, the I.R.S. used this authority to have first class mail redirected to it, and opened and read. Although the Post Office Department testified that this practice was stopped in August of 1964, by agreement between the Postmaster General and the Secretary of the Treasury, the law was changed to explicitly prohibit the redirection of first class mail to the I.R.S. by an amendment to the 1965 tax bill. Senator Long chaired the Judiciary Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure, which held lengthy hearings on this and other surveillance techniques in 1965, and introduced his bill in response to the hearing record.

Equal rights for men and women: amend Constitution relative to (see S.J. Res. 85),11336.

11336: May 24, 1965; Muskie is listed as an original cosponsor of S. J. Res. 85, the McCarthy (D-Wisconsin) proposal to amend the constitution to secure equal rights to men and women. Later commonly known as the Equal Rights Amendment, this proposed change in the Constitution was never ratified by three-fourths of the States, but it was for a long time a durable and popular element of Democratic politics.

Voting rights: bill (S. 1564) to enforce Constitution relative to, 11756.

Hart, Philip A.: tribute, 11756.

11756: May 26, 1965; Muskie gives a short tribute to Senator Phil Hart (D-Michigan) for his efforts and work in managing the Voting Rights Act on the Senate floor to a successful conclusion.

Coffin, Frank M.: nomination, 24092.

24092: September 16, 1965; Muskie gives a brief statement in support of the nomination of Frank Coffin to the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals for the First District. Frank Coffin served as a Congressman from Maine and in both the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.

Immigration and Nationality Act: bill (H. R. 2580) to amend, 24780

24780: September 22, 1965; Muskie makes the brief observation at the close of the debate on the Immigration and Nationality Act, H.R. 2580, that if the 1920s-era national-origins quota system had been in place when his father applied to enter the country, he most probably would not have been allowed in; Muskie makes the point that the basis for American success as a nation is not a numeric quota system.

Miscellaneous

1965 1^st Session, 89^th Congress

Columbus Day: make a legal holiday (see bill S. 108), 169.

169: January 6, 1965; Muskie is listed as one of many cosponsors of S. 108, a Boggs (R-Delaware) bill to designate Columbus Day a legal federal holiday. Muskie had supported the designation of Columbus Day as a federal holiday in the prior Congress.

"Years of Lightning, Day of Drums" make film available for distribution (S. Con. Res. 4), 177.

177: January 6, 1965; Muskie is listed as one of the Senators whose names appear as cosponsors of S. Con. Res. 4, a concurrent resolution to bypass a provision of law which prohibits the domestic exhibition of films produced by the U.S. Information Agency produced films. The film in question is a memorial movie on the Kennedy administration. The U.S. Information Agency was responsible for creating and disseminating informational materials about the United States and its system of government overseas, in response to Soviet propaganda, which was ubiquitous at this time.

Children's Day in Sports: designate (see S.J. Res. 54), 3475.

3475: February 24, 1965; Muskie introduces S.J. Res. 54, a joint resolution to designate the fourth Saturday in August as Children’s Day in Sports. There is no accompanying text.

Memorial of legislature: Maine, 3723, 4493, 8396, 13327.

3723; March 1, 1965; Muskie introduces a resolution approved by the Maine legislature opposing the closing of Veterans hospitals, domiciliaries and regional offices, and another resolution honoring President Johnson and the government agencies and local individuals whose initiative helped Lisbon’s economic renewal after the closing of two mills had massively impacted the employment situation. Lisbon is a small town in Maine.

4493: March 9, 1965; Muskie introduces a resolution approved by the Maine legislature endorsing the full development of the electric power potential of Passamaquoddy Bay and the Upper St. John River, a project Muskie was pursuing at the time.

8396; April 26, 1965; Senator Smith (R-Maine), for herself and Muskie, introduces two resolutions adopted by the Maine State Legislature. One favors the protection of the gold standard as the basis for U.S. currency. The other favors extending the northern terminus of the Interstate and Defense Highway System in Maine (I-95) from Houlton to Fort Kent.

13327; June 11, 1965; Senator Smith (R-Maine), for herself and Muskie, submits a resolution adopted by the Maine State Legislature which requests that a short, direct route from the center of the state to the western boundary of New Brunswick be created as part of the Interstate highway system. The principal purpose of this resolution was to aid the economy of Washington County.

Engle, Clair: eulogy, 3837

3837: March 1, 1967; Muskie gives a eulogy on the death of Senator Clair Engle (D- California) who died at 53 after a brain operation left him severely impaired. Eulogies for Senator Engle were ordered in February to take place on March 1. In the previous year, two weeks before his death, Engle had insisted on being wheeled into the Senate to cast his vote to end the filibuster on the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He was then partly paralyzed following a brain operation, and a second operation shortly after his vote ended with his death.

Birthday of John F. Kennedy: designate a legal holiday (see bill S. 1629), 5827.

5827: March 25, 1965; Notice only of Muskie introduction of S. 1629, a bill to designate the birthday of John F. Kennedy as a legal holiday. The introduction carries a notation that the bill is introduced “by request” indicating it is done at the demand of a constituent, not at Muskie’s own initiative. Muskie introduced a similar bill in the prior year, at the request of Maine constituents who had signed a petition to this effect.

Unsung Heroes, by Will Muller, in Detroit (Mich.) News, 6445.

6445: March 31, 1965; In the proceedings of the House of Representatives, Congressman Farnum, (D- Michigan) inserts a news story which calls Muskie one of the heroes of the passage of the water pollution bill.

Cloture petition, 11188.

11188; May 2, 1965; Muskie’s name is listed as one of the signatories on the cloture petition filed by Senator Hart (D-Michigan) on the pending business, S. 1564, the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Cloture is the term used to describe the process by which a filibuster can be ended in the Senate.

At the time of this vote, the requirement was that a cloture petition, signed by no fewer than 16 Senators, be formally presented to the desk where Senate business is filed, and that a cloture vote, a vote on the petition, be held no sooner than 48 hours thereafter. A successful cloture vote in 1965 required the affirmative votes of two-thirds of the Senators in the Chamber at the time, a high hurdle to overcome. Signing a cloture petition was a way for a Senator to indicate stronger-than-average support for a position in favor of or against the pending legislation. Muskie was a consistent signatory to cloture petitions on a range of civil rights bills.

Office of the National Boxing Commissioner: establish (see bill S. 2124), 13194.

13194: June 10, 1965; Notice of a bill introduction by Senator Hart (D-Michigan), with Muskie and Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) as cosponsors. S. 2124 is a bill designed is to curb monopolistic control of professional boxing, and to establish within the Department of Justice the Office of the National Boxing Commissioner for a period of five years. The bill was a response to the continued evidence of racketeer involvement with professional boxing, highlighted in 1960 hearings by Senator Kefauver. Public interest was reawakened by the 1964 Sonny Liston-Cassius Clay fight, which about which so many questions arose that promoters were unable to stage a 1965 rematch in any professional sports venue, and were forced to stage the fight at a school hockey field in Lewiston, Maine. Clay won the 1965 bout with a knockout within a minute. He adopted the Muslim religion and later changed his name to Mohammed Ali.

Smith, Margaret Chase: resolution (S. Res. 16) commending, 13520

13520: June 14, 1965; Muskie joins other Senators in commending his colleague from Maine, Senator Margaret Chase Smith (R) for having cast her 2000^th consecutive vote in the Senate. It is part of the tradition and ritual of the Senate that congratulations are offered by colleagues when such milestones are passed. It is one of the traditions that maintains a degree of comity in the body among Senators of very different philosophical persuasions, and contributes to the impression of the Senate as an exclusive club.

Johnston, Olin D.: eulogy, 14375.

14375: June 22, 1965; Muskie joins in eulogies for death of Senator Olin Johnston, a Democratic Senator from South Carolina who was first elected to the Senate in 1944, and ended his service as Chairman of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service.

Stevenson, Adlai S.: Print as Senate document all floor tributes to (see S. Con. Res. 43),19383.

19383: August 4, 1965; Muskie is listed as one of the cosponsors of a Gruening (D-Alaska) resolution, S. Con. Res. 43, to authorize the printing as a Senate document of all statements made by Members of the Congress in tribute to the late Adlai E. Stevenson. Stevenson, formerly a governor of Illinois, twice ran for President on the Democratic ticket and had a loyal following within the party.

Vacation In Maine, John McKelway, Washington Star (series), A4739, A4740

A4739-A4740; August 24, 1965; Muskie inserts three articles by John McKelway, a columnist at the Washington Evening Star, about his vacations in Maine. Maine often features in August editions of major newspapers, a reflection of the fact that many people on the East Coast take their summer vacations there. Maine Senators have generally turned this coincidence to good account in publicizing the amenities of the state.

POLITICAL, CAMPAIGN REFORM

1965 89th Congress, 1st Session

Nebraska Democratic Party Jefferson Jackson Day Banquet, by, 12205.

12205: June 1, 1965; In Extensions of Remarks, the Honorable Clair Callan (D-Nebraska) inserts a Muskie speech given at Lincoln, Nebraska on Jefferson-Jackson Day. Muskie spoke about the inspirations for seeking the “Great Society” that President Johnson had identified as his goal.

SENATE RULES, PROCEDURES, ASSIGNMENTS, HOUSEKEEPING

1965 89th Congress, 1st Session

Credentials, 5.

5: January 4, 1965; On the first day of a new Congress, state certifications of proper election are published for those Senators who have been re-elected. Muskie was re-elected to his second term of office in 1964.

Oath of Office, 7

7: January 4, 1965; The swearing in of newly elected or re-elected Senators takes place at the beginning of each new Congress, at a formal ceremony held in the Chamber. Muskie was reelected in 1964, so his name appears as one of the Senators being sworn into office.

Committee on the Organization the Congress (Joint) : establish (see S.Con. Res. 2), 172.

172: January 6, 1965; Muskie is listed as one of many Senators who cosponsor S. Con. Res. 2, the Monroney (D-Oklahoma) resolution to establish a Joint Committee on the Organization of the Congress. This was another of the efforts to reform the Senate by means of reforming the entire Congress. The House of Representatives never agreed to a Joint Committee for this purpose, mostly because the House is traditionally jealous of its prerogatives in initiating tax bills and appropriations.

Elected to Committee on Banking and Currency, 467.

Elected to Committee on Government Operations, 467.

Elected to Committee on Public Works, 467.

Appointed to Legislative Review Committee, 468.

467: January 8, 1965; At the beginning of each new Congress, Committee assignments for both parties have to be made, to reflect additional or fewer Senators in each party, depending on the election results, and to fill the slots of Senators who have retired. The entire list of majority Committee assignments is published, including Muskie’s assignments.

Tributes in Senate, 1545, 16962, 25891.

1545: January 28, 1965; At the close of debate on S.4, the Water Quality Act, Senator Morse (D-Oregon) pays tribute to Muskie’s leadership of the floor debate.

16962: July 17, 1965; At the close of debate on S.2213, the Housing and Urban Development Act, other Senators who took part pay tribute to Muskie as the floor manager of the bill.

25891; October 1, 1965; Senator Smith (R-Maine) says she has just been to a White House signing ceremony for the clean water law, and pays tribute to Muskie for his effort it getting it through the Congress to final enactment.

Appointed conferee, 17325, 18537, 19839, 24849.

17325: July 19, 1965; Muskie is appointed conferee on H.R.7984, the housing bill.

18537: July 28, 1965; Muskie is appointed one of the conferees on S.4, a bill to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

19839; August 10, 1965; Muskie is appointed a conferee on S. J. Res. 81, to authorize the Secretary of Commerce to apportion the sum authorized for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1967, for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways.

24849: September 23, 1965; Muskie is appointed conferee on S.2300, the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1965.

Because both Houses of Congress must agree on all elements of a bill before it can be placed before the President to be signed into law, temporary committees of conference are created to meet and iron out differences in the two versions of the bill as passed by each House. Service on a conference committee can be extremely significant to the final shape that a law takes. In all the conferee appointments shown here, Muskie served on the Committee and in the case of the housing and water pollution bill, was also the floor manager for the legislation.

BUDGET, TAXES, FISCAL POLICY

1965 1st Session, 89th Congress

Committee on the Budget (Joint) : establish (see bill S. 2), 166.

166: January 6, 1965; Muskie is one of many listed cosponsors of S. 2, a McClellan (D-Arkansas) bill to “amend the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 to provide for more effective evaluation of the fiscal requirements of the executive agencies of the government of the United States.” The approach in this bill was to create a joint budget committee, and Muskie cosponsored the same bill in the prior Congress. It was never successful, however, because of strong House mistrust of anything that could serve to undermine the historic prerogative of the House to originate tax and appropriations bills.

Committee To Study Gold Production in the United States: create (see S. Res. 83), 9450.

9450: May 5, 1965; Muskie is added as a cosponsor to S. Res. 83, a Bartlett (D-Alaska) resolution to create a select committee to study gold production in the United States. At this time, the U.S. dollar was on the gold standard and it was also becoming the trading world’s principal international currency. With the price of gold pegged firmly to the price set by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1934 at $35 per ounce, the U.S. gold mining industry was becoming increasingly uneconomic and mine closings in the West and Alaska were a matter of concern to representatives of those States. Muskie supported this because he had devoted much of his energy to the balance-of-payments problem that was in part related to the convertibility of the dollar.

Help for Taxpayers, Wall Street Journal, J. Mathewson, 13465.

13465: June 14, 1965; Muskie inserts an article from the Wall Street Journal which suggests that if state and local governments would invest their cash balances, including those comprising funds from federal grant programs, they could raise substantial income for the states and localities, thus holding down state and local tax rates. This is now routine cash-management, but in the mid-1960s, the growth of state and local governments and the accompanying tax payments appear to have overwhelmed state and local officials, leaving government cash in non-earning accounts.

Coins: amend bill (S. 2080) to revise contents of, 13570.

13570: June 15, 1965; Muskie is listed as a cosponsor of the Pastore (D-Rhode Island) amendment to S.2080, the Coinage Act, which is designed to conform the metal content of the half-dollar to the metal content of dimes and quarters, which contain no silver. The purpose of the proposal is to conserve silver while at the same time facilitating the coinage of adequate currency.

TRADE, EXPORT SUBSIDIES, TARIFFS

1965 1st Session, 89th Congress

Balance-of-payments: hearings on, 3556.

Balance-of-payments hearings by, 3745

Balance-of-payments: program to improve, 6543.

Europe Admits Effect of U.S. Payments Plan, Washington Post, B. D. Nossiter, 6543.

Statement: Balance-of-payments, K. Gordon, 9327

Report: Balance-of-payments statistics of the United States, Review Committee, 9327

Table: Balance of payments summary, 9328

Balance-of-payments: problem, 9327, 9850, 17902, 24898, 27119.

Bernstein, Edward M., 9850.

Committee on Banking and Currency: notice of hearings, 3556, 9850, 10313, 18807.

U.S. Balance of Payments, Business Council, H.H.Fowler, 10435.

Investment Planning and Balance-of-Payments Program, N.Y. Society of Security Analysts, A. F. Brimmer, 17902.

Table: Foreign financing by U.S. corporations (sundry), 17905, 17906

Stake of U.S. Business in Balance-of-Payments Program, American Market Association, A. L. Nickerson, 17906.

Future in the International Drug Field, American Market Association, R. C.Fenton, 17908

List: Schedule of hearings on balance-of-payments problem by Committee on Banking and Currency, 18807

National Association of Manufacturers, J. W. Barr, 24898.

Nature of Common Market's Crisis, Morgan Guaranty Survey, 27119.

With the buildup of troops in Vietnam, along with other U.S. commitments overseas and the growth of the dollar as the international currency of world trade, even a robust and growing export sector could not prevent a growing balance-of-payments deficit. President Johnson announced a voluntary program of restraint in sending dollars abroad, encompassing all sectors, from corporations with overseas branches to American tourists. Muskie’s role in this voluntary effort was to hold extensive hearings and explore the range of problems associated with the balance-of-payments issue. The lengthy list of statements and articles dealing with balance-of-payments issues reflect this role. Individual items are described below, along with links to some of the texts.

3556; February 25, 1965;  Muskie announces he will hold hearings on the balance-of-payments problem as Chairman of the Subcommittee on International Finance of the full Banking Committee, beginning March 9.

3745: March 1, 1965; Mansfield, for Muskie, inserts a Muskie statement announcing hearings by the International Finance Subcommittee of the Banking Committee on the balance-of-payments problem and listing the proposed witnesses. Muskie served as Chairman of the International Finance Subcommittee at this time.

6543: April 1, 1945; Muskie notes that in connection with the hearings he is holding on balance-of-payments problems in the Subcommittee on International Finance, there has been skepticism about President Johnson’s efforts to promote a voluntary program to curb the outflow of American dollars, and enters a news article which suggests that the plan is working.

9327: May 4, 1965; Muskie announces that the March hearings by the Subcommittee on International Finance, which examined the balance-of-payments problems and the outflow of gold will shortly be published, and inserts a statement explaining the formal report of the Review Committee for Balance of Payments Statistics.

9850: May 7, 1965; Muskie announces that the transcript of the Subcommittee on International Finance hearing on the balance-of-payments problem is now available, briefly describes the witnesses who testified, and announces that Edward M. Bernstein, who chairs a special committee reviewing balance-of-payments issues, will testify at new hearings on May 17.

10313: May 12, 1965; Muskie announces hearings to be held on the Export Control Act, S.948 for May 24.

10435: May 13, 1965; In connection with the balance-of-payments hearings held by the Subcommittee on International Finance, Muskie inserts the text of a speech by the Secretary of the Treasury, Henry H. Fowler, to the Business Council on May 8, 1965, and another by Frederick L. Deming, Under-Secretary of Treasury for Monetary Affairs at the Ohio State University on April 29, 1965.

17902: July 22, 1965; In the course of a speech on the balance-of-payments program, Muskie inserts articles, including one by Andrew F. Brimmer, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs, which discusses some of the ways corporations are responding to President Johnson’s request that outflows of dollars be limited to help curtail the balance of payments deficit and Richard C. Fenton, President of Pfizer International, discussing direct overseas investment by U.S. firms.

18807: July 29, 1965; Muskie announces additional hearings by the Subcommittee on International Finance on the balance-of-payments deficit to be held from August 3 to August 18.

24898: September 23, 1965; Muskie inserts the text of a speech by Joseph W. Barr, Under Secretary of the Treasury to the National Association of Manufacturers at Hot Springs, Va., on September 21. The speech says the balance of payments deficit, although improved, still faces problems down the road that cannot be ignored.

27119; October 15, 1965; Muskie observes that the balance of payments problem is affected by the actions of the Common Market countries and offers an article from the Morgan Guaranty Trust of New York which analyzes the problems that exist within the Common Market itself and contribute to the balance-of-payments problems of the U.S.

Imported articles: provide for orderly marketing of (see bill S. 2022), 11336.

Foreign trade: provide for orderly marketing of imports, 11345.

Orderly Marketing Act: proposal, 11345.

Text of S.2022, to provide for orderly marketing of certain imports, 11346

Analysis: S. 2022, to provide for orderly marketing of certain imports, 11347.

11336: May 24, 1965; Notice only of Muskie introduction of S.2022, a bill to provide for the orderly marketing of articles imported into the United States, to establish a flexible basis for the adjustment by the U.S. economy to expanded trade, and to afford foreign supplying nations a fair share of the growth or change in the U.S. market. This is Muskie’s Orderly Marketing Act, which he introduced in the prior Congress.

11345, 11346, 11347: May 24, 1965; Muskie makes an introductory statement on S. 2022, the Orderly Marketing Act, describing it as creating a more responsive system of flexible quotas for those products threatened by massive and sudden import increases from low-wage countries.

Remarks in Senate: Proposed Orderly Marketing Act, 11854

11854: May 26, 1965; Senator Pell (D-Rhode Island), one of the original cosponsors of the Muskie Orderly Marketing Act, makes a floor statement on wool textiles and import-related issues in the course of which he discusses how the bill would serve domestic manufacturers of the product.

Tariff schedules: bill (H.R. 7969) to correct certain errors in, 20218.

20218: August 12, 1965; Muskie expresses his support for H.R. 7969, which makes technical changes in certain tariff schedules, pointing out that imports of wool-ramie fabric from Italy rose from 1283 yards in spring to 5,199,371 yards by the close of the year because a technicality in the tariff schedules allowed the importers to pay a 10% duty instead of the 45% duty rate that was due.

HOUSING, URBAN RENEWAL, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1965 1st Session, 89th Congress

Department of Housing and Urban Development: establish (see bill S. 1599), 5828.

5828: This page reference is an error: It reflects Senator Ribicoff’s (D-Connecticut) opening statement on the Housing and Urban Development Act, as requested by the Johnson Administration.

6539: April 1, 1965; Muskie is added as a cosponsor of S.1599, a Ribicoff bill to create the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Muskie had long endorsed the creation of a cabinet department for urban affairs, as his support for this measure indicates.

Citizen's Role in Formulating Regional Goals, Conference for Transportation and Regional Development, by, 10683

10683: May 17, 1965; Senator Phil Hart (D-MI) introduces a Muskie statement, given May 11 in Detroit, Michigan. The statement is called “The Citizen’s Role in Formulating Regional Goals” and is given before the Conference for Transportation and Regional Development sponsored by the Forum for Detroit Area Metropolitan Goals. Muskie discusses at some length the ways in which regional bodies can and should include citizens in their planning and deliberations.

Urban Crisis and Quest for Great Society, at Kent State University, by, 11595-11597.

11595-11597: May 25, 1965; In Proceedings of the House; Rep. Vanik (D-Ohio) inserts a Muskie speech at the Conference on Urban Regionalism at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, on May 22, 1965. Muskie speaks about the urban crisis and the opportunity it provides for the creation of a more dynamic federal system.

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965: bill (S. 2213) to enact, 16919-16924, 16928-16302, 16926-16931, 16937-16940, 16948.

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965: amend bill (S. 2213) to enact, 16939, 16948.

16919: July 15, 1965; In debate on S. 2213, the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965, Muskie acts as the floor manager and engages Bartlett (D-Alaska) and others in a colloquy about the income ceilings established by the bill for eligibility for subsidized housing.

16926 - 16931: July 15, 1965; In debate on the housing bill, S.2213, Muskie raises the question of whether the insurance required for land development, which is that such land be served by “public water” and sewerage services, covers investor-owned water service companies which serve the general public, as well as those publicly owned. In debate he responds to arguments that the rental subsidy program will be too expensive, that it is untested, liable to fraud and duplicative. He introduces an amendment to trim the overall size of the subsidy from $200 million over 4 years to $150 million, which would reduce the total number of subsidized housing united from 500,000 to 375,000. The purpose of this amendment is to be the fallback to Tower’s (R-Texas) amendment to eliminate the program entirely. The Tower amendment fails, 40-47.

Muskie argues against another Tower amendment which would cut the total spending under rental subsidy to $100 million over 4 years. Muskie says this would have the effect of turning it into a demonstration program, that there will be plenty of opportunity for oversight of a full program and that any new program has its share of risks but that risks must be run to achieve anything. Tower’s amendment is defeated, 38-49, Muskie’s own amendment is passed 79-6.

16940: In response to a Tydings (D-Maryland) amendment to improve payments to relocated persons in urban-slum-clearance projects, Muskie points out that both Sparkman (D-Alabama) and he have relocation bills in the Senate, hearings have been held and there is realistic hope of action during the 89^th Congress. On this assurance, Tydings withdraws his amendment.

16948: Muskie offers an amendment to raise the allowable mortgage ratio from 75% to 85% on FHA-insured mortgages, because the existing 75% mortgage was eliminating too many buyers as house prices rose, forcing them to come up with much larger down payments than contemplated under the program when it was enacted and house prices which were $15,000 to $20,000 have soared to $20,000 to $30,000.

Department of Housing and Urban Development: bill (S. 1599) to establish, 20019-20024.

20019-20024: August 11, 1965; Towards the end of debate on S.1599, the bill creating a Department of Housing and Urban Development, Muskie offers his support and gives a lengthy statement covering the background of the issue of creating a Department of Housing from the melange of agencies which then oversaw federal housing programs.

Housing and Urban Development: rent supplement program of, 27334.

Report: Rent supplement program, 27335

Table: Proposed rent supplement program, 27335

27334, 27335; October 19, 1965; Muskie expresses his disappointment that the House has in effect killed the new rent supplement plan in the housing bill by refusing to provide funds for it in a supplemental appropriation. He provides a report on the plan and inserts material to combat the arguments of opponents of rent supplements.

Appropriations: bill (H.R.11588) making supplemental, 27541-27543, 27550.

27541-27543; October 20, 1965; During debate on the Supplemental Appropriations bill, H.R. 11588, Saltonstall (R-Massachusetts) offers an amendment to change the newly authorized rental subsidy program to a study of rental subsidies instead. Muskie and other Senators oppose this amendment, and criticize the efforts made to characterize the program as benefitting relatively wealthy persons.