Philosophy and Religion

The material on this page is from the 1995-96 catalog and may be out of date. Please check the current year's catalog for current information.

Professors Straub, Kolb, Okrent (on leave, winter semester and Short Term), Tracy, Chair, Crunkleton, and Strong; Associate Professors Allison (on leave, fall semester and Short Term), Cummiskey, and Bruce; Assistant Professor Ekstrom; Mr. Avram and Mr. Caspi

Philosophy
Philosophy examines our personal and shared beliefs about who we are, where we find ourselves, and what we ought to do. Philosophy demands that we discover and critically reflect on our fundamental beliefs and the presuppositions of our various fields of knowledge. Such discussion has been continuing since the time of the Greeks, yet the subject remains in continual ferment, an interplay of insight and critical reason. The philosophy curriculum emphasizes both the history of thought and contemporary issues. For the beginning student there are courses that survey and others that treat single problems. More advanced courses concentrate on single thinkers or on crucial issues.

Students who choose to major in philosophy are ordinarily expected to complete eleven courses in the field, distributed according to the requirements indicated below. Students arrange their programs individually in consultation with their departmental advisors. In individual cases, students may fulfill some of the requirements with appropriate Short Term units from philosophy or courses from other fields. The philosophy faculty has structured the major to allow students to plan their own program within the constraints of a broad philosophical education. To this end, every course offered by the Department, with the exception of the Introduction to Philosophy, can satisfy one or another of the following requirements.

Major Requirements. The requirements for the major are as follows:

195. Introduction to Logic.
271. Greek Philosophy.
272. Philosophy from Descartes to Kant.
Ethics and Political Philosophy: the good, the right, and community. One course from among:
1. 212. Contemporary Moral Disputes;
2. 256. Moral Principles;
3. 257. Topics in Ethics;
4. 258. Philosophy of Law.
Metaphysics: being, meaning, knowledge. One course from among:
1. 211. Philosophy of Science;
2. 225. Philosophy of Mind;
3. 236. Theory of Knowledge;
4. 260. Philosophy of Religion;
5. 266. Philosophy of Language.
Metaphilosophy: critical reflections on the tradition. One course from among:
1. 241. Philosophy of Art;
2. 262. Philosophy and Feminism;
3. 273. Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century;
4. 274. Phenomenology and Existentialism.
Three courses on the 300 level.
Senior Thesis.

Students are urged to take the courses listed in 1 through 3 as soon as possible after they decide to major in philosophy.

Courses
150. Introduction to Philosophy. This course introduces students to philosophy and philosophical reasoning by examining some of the fundamental philosophical problems of human existence. Among these are the problem of doubt and uncertainty as an aspect of human knowledge, the justification and importance of religious belief, and the nature of mind, matter, and freedom. An attempt is made to establish a balance between philosophy as a vigorous and professional discipline and philosophy as a personally useful method for exploring one's own reasoning and beliefs. Readings include both historical and contemporary works. Enrollment is limited to 30 per section. Ms. Ekstrom. F

195. Introduction to Logic. Essentially an investigation of the nature of valid reasoning, coupled with training in the skills of critical thinking. Close attention is paid to the analysis of ordinary arguments. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 40 per section. Mr. Kolb. W

211. Philosophy of Science. Science has become our model for what counts as knowledge; the course examines that model and discusses how far its claims are justified in the light of the nature and history of science. Topics for consideration are drawn from the nature of scientific explanation, scientific rationality, progress in science, the nature of scientific theories, and the relations of science to society and to other views of the world. Readings include traditional, contemporary, and feminist work in philosophy of science. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 30. Mr. Okrent. F

212. Contemporary Moral Disputes. The course focuses on particular moral issues and the ethical arguments provoked by them. Topics discussed in the course may include, among others, abortion and euthanasia, war and nuclear arms, world hunger and use of natural resources. This course is the same as Religion 212. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 30 per section. Mr. Tracy. W

215. Challenges to Freedom of Expression. Traditional interpretations of the right to freedom of expression have recently been subject to new challenges, particularly on the basis of their implications for hate speech, pornography, and state funding of the arts. This course provides an opportunity for students to analyze some of the most influential of the arguments being presented, and to understand how their rights are changing. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 30. [Staff].

225. Philosophy of Mind. An inquiry into the nature of human mentality. The course addresses such questions as: Is mind distinct from body? If not, are mental states identical with brain states, or does the mind relate to the brain as programs relate to computer hardware? Could a computer think? What is a person? Readings from historical and contemporary sources. Open to first-year students. [Mr. Okrent]. F

236. Theory of Knowledge. Is knowledge possible, and if so, how? The course investigates how we can know the ordinary things we take ourselves to know. Students will be introduced to major philosophical theories concerning when our thoughts about ourselves and the world are rationally justified. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 30. Ms. Ekstrom. F

241. Philosophy of Art. An introduction to the major problems of philosophy of art including discussion of attempts to define art, problems concerning the interpretation of individual works of art, and recent theories of modern and postmodern art. This course is the same as Art 226. Open to first-year students. [Mr. Kolb].

256. Moral Principles. An introduction to moral philosophy. Topics include: Is there a difference between right and wrong? Is it merely a matter of custom, convention, preference, or opinion, or is there some other basis for this distinction, something that makes it "objective" rather than "subjective"? How can I tell, in particular cases and in general, what is right and what is wrong? Is there some moral principle or method for deciding particular moral problems? Philosophers discussed include Aristotle, Hobbes, Hume, Kant, and Mill. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 30 per section. Mr. Cummiskey. F

257. Topics in Ethics. This course focuses on important issues in ethics and political philosophy. May be taken for credit more than once on different topics. Prerequisite: one course in philosophy. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 30. [Mr. Cummiskey]. W

258. Philosophy of Law. An introduction to Anglo-American legal theory and its feminist critics. Central questions include: What is the nature of law? What is the relationship between law and morality? What is the nature of judicial reasoning? What are the functions and limits of a legal system? The course approaches these questions on both a theoretical and a practical level. For practical purposes, the course focuses on the legal and judicial system of the United States. Particular legal issues typically include the nature and status of privacy rights (e.g., contraception, abortion, and homosexuality); the legitimacy of restrictions on speech and expression (e.g., pornography and flag burning); and the nature and extent of equality rights (i.e., equal opportunity, affirmative action, and reverse discrimination). Readings include traditional, contemporary, and feminist legal theory; court decisions; and some narrative histories of individual constitutional challenges. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 30. Mr. Cummiskey. F

260. Philosophy of Religion. A consideration of major issues that arise in philosophical reflection upon religion. Particular issues are selected from among such topics as the nature of faith, the possibility of justifying religious beliefs, the nature and validity of religious experience, the relation of religion and science, and the problem of evil. May be taken for major credit by majors in philosophy or in religion. This course is the same as Religion 260. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 40. [Mr. Tracy]. F

262. Philosophy and Feminism. To what extent, and in what sense, are the methods and concepts of traditional Western philosophy `male'? What implications might the answer to this question have for feminist philosophical thinking? This course examines the suggestion that many philosophical conceptions of knowledge, reality, autonomy, mind, and the self express a typically or characteristically male point of view. We examine the contributions that women are making to philosophy, as well as the contributions that philosophy makes to feminism. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 30. Ms. Ekstrom. W

266. Philosophy of Language. A survey of philosophical issues raised by the phenomenon of language: What makes linguistic expressions meaningful? How are we able to refer to and describe objects and events, and what is the relationship between this ability and our ability to think about these things? To what extent can the expressive power of language be enriched by experience? What do people know when they know a language? Readings are drawn primarily from contemporary sources and include works of Frege, Russell, Strawson, Quine, Putnam, Kripke, and Chomsky. Open to first-year students. [Staff].

271. Greek Philosophy. A study of the basic philosophical ideas underlying Western thought as these are expressed in the writings of Plato and Aristotle. Greek thought is discussed in its historical and social context, with indications of how important Greek ideas were developed in later centuries. Open to first-year students. Mr. Kolb. W

272. Philosophy from Descartes to Kant. The problems of knowledge, reality, and morality are discussed as they developed from the time of the scientific revolution and the birth of modern philosophy until their culmination in Kant. The course considers thinkers from among the classic rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz) and empiricists (Locke, Berkeley, Hume) as well as Kant. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 30. Mr. Okrent. F

273. Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century. The course follows the development of modern thought from Kant, through the rise and break-up of Hegelianism, to the culmination of nineteenth-century thought in Nietzsche. The impact of science, the relation of the individual and society, and the role of reflection in experience are examined in readings drawn from among Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Feuerbach, Marx, Mill, Nietzsche, Kierkegaard. Prerequisite: Philosophy 272 or permission of the instructor. Open to first-year students. Mr. Kolb. F

274. Phenomenology and Existentialism. A survey of several of the dominant themes in twentieth-century phenomenology and existentialism. The course is designed to familiarize students with this area through the study of some of the works of Husserl, Sartre, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty, among others. Prerequisite: one course in philosophy. [Mr. Okrent]. F

321. Seminar: Topics in the Contemporary Philosophy of Mind and Language. An examination of recent discussions of topics concerning language, intentionality, and what it is to be a person. Topics vary from year to year. Permission of the instructor is required. [Mr. Okrent]. W

322. Seminar: Topics in Contemporary European Philosophy. An examination of recent developments in Continental philosophy. Topics vary from year to year. Topic for fall 1995: Metaphysics and Its Enemies. Permission of the instructor is required. Mr. Kolb. F

323. Seminar: Topics in Metaphysics and Epistemology. This course focuses on advanced issues in the theory of knowledge and in the theory of ultimate reality. Topics vary from year to year. May be taken for credit more than once. Prerequisite: Philosophy 236 or permission of the instructor. Enrollment is limited to 15. Ms. Ekstrom. W

324. Seminar: Topics in Ethics. This course focuses on important issues in ethics and political theory. Topics vary from year to year. May be taken for credit more than once. Prerequisite: Philosophy 256 or permission of the instructor. Mr. Cummiskey. F

325. Seminar in Meta-Ethics. This course examines contemporary theories on the meaning of moral language, the possibility of moral knowledge, the existence of moral facts, the nature of moral arguments, and the relationship between morality and rationality. Philosophers typically discussed include Moore, Ayer, Stevenson, Hare, Foot, and Mackie. Some background in moral or political theory is recommended. Permission of the instructor is required. [Staff].

350. Seminar on Major Thinkers. The course examines in depth the writings of a major philosopher. Thinkers who may be discussed include Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Hume, Marx, Wittgenstein, Quine, and others. [Mr. Okrent].

351. Kant. This course is an intensive study of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Interpretations by contemporary critics are considered. Prerequisite: Philosophy 272. [Mr. Okrent].

360. Independent Study. Directed readings on individual philosophers, problems of philosophy, or a philosophic movement. May be taken more than once for credit. Permission of the Department is required. Staff.

365. Special Topics. A course or seminar offered from time to time and reserved for a special topic selected by the Department. May be taken more than once for credit. Staff.

457, 458. Senior Thesis. Philosophy 457 is a requirement for all majors; honors candidates take Philosophy 458 as well. Staff.

Short-Term Units
s21. Philosophical Classics. This unit offers an experience of intense close reading of a classic major philosophical text. The book chosen varies from year to year. Members of the unit work through the text line by line, trying to understand the work, while continuing discussions of the issues and methods involved. Written permission of the instructor is required. Enrollment is limited to 15. Mr. Okrent.

s22. Religion, Women, and Nature. The unit explores relationships among religion, Western attitudes toward nature, and women's experience. It raises questions about assumptions that underlie the cultural understandings of culture, human nature, gender, creation, and the natural world. This unit is the same as Religion s22. Recommended background: a course in religion or philosophy. Enrollment is limited to 30. Ms. Crunkleton.

s23. Environmental Ethics. This unit uses readings, seminar discussions, and field trips to examine and evaluate environmental issues. Consideration is given to the idea of expanding the moral universe to include forests, oceans, other species. The class may travel to different locales in Maine to look at specific environmental situations. Internships also may be arranged for more extended study in the field. This unit is the same as Religion s23. Open to first-year students. Permission of the instructor is required. Enrollment is limited to 12. [Mr. Straub].

s25. Free Will and Moral Responsibility. This unit uses contemporary and historical readings, student papers, and classroom discussion to explore the nature of the human will and the preconditions of moral responsibility. Students are required to do a significant amount of independent research, reflection, and writing. Enrollment is limited to 15. Ms. Ekstrom.

s26. Biomedical Ethics. We are all aware of the remarkable accomplishments of modern medicine. During the past forty years, the rapid changes in the biological sciences and medical technology have thoroughly transformed the practice of medicine. The added complexity and power of medicine has in turn revolutionized the responsibilities and duties that accompany the medical professions. This Short Term unit explores the values and norms governing medical practice, the rights and responsibilities of health-care providers and patients, the justification for euthanasia, and the problems of access, allocation, and rationing of health-care services. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 12. Mr. Cummiskey.

s27. Hyperwriting. The computer makes possible new types of non-linear writing that need not follow the standard forms of fiction or of academic discourse. What will their new forms be, and will they have their own ways of being both creative and self-critical? This unit offers a chance to experiment in the creation of new forms by writing hypertexts together, using Storyspace and Mosaic. There will be both individual and group projects, with peer review and critique sessions each week. Enrollment is limited to 15. [Mr. Kolb].

s28. Architecture, Tradition, and Innovation. This unit studies issues of building and planning in our (post)modern world. Unit members read texts from philosophy and architecture while working on a series of projects in design and planning. Written permission of the instructor is required. Enrollment is limited to 20. [Mr. Kolb].

s29. The Nature and Limits of Explanation. The unit uses Hume's work Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion to initiate consideration of the nature and limits of explanation. The course introduces issues regarding categories of explanation, scientific and nonscientific models, the limits of reason, and the relation of explanation to objectivity and to epistemological theories. Causal and teleological explanations, the nature of evidence, and the justification of induction are emphasized. Interpretations and reasons for action and the place of explanation in the social sciences are also discussed. Enrollment is limited to 25. Mr. Harward.

s50. Individual Research. Registration in this unit is granted by the Department only after the student has submitted a written proposal for a full-time research project to be completed during the Short Term and has secured the sponsorship of a member of the Department to direct the study and evaluate results. Staff.

Religion
The study of religion is a humanistic discipline that focuses on religion as one important element in culture. Historical, literary, anthropological, and theological methods of study offer a critical approach to understanding religion and its expressions in myths, symbols, and ideas, as well as in religious communities, rituals, and moral actions.

Because this study often considers fundamental human questions that are asked by every generation, it is closely linked with other academic disciplines which study the nature and character of human life.

Majoring in the field of religion provides a focus for integrated study in the humanities. Most of the courses and units are open to the many students with general interest in the field.

Majors are expected to consult with members of the Department in designing their programs of study. The study of religion often embraces work in other fields, and majors are encouraged to coordinate courses in other fields with their work in religion.

Requirements for the major are: 1) the Senior Research Seminar and Religion 458; 2) one of the following seminars, normally taken in the junior year: 301, 303, 305, 306, 307; and 3) seven additional courses or units in religion, including at least one from each of the following groups: (a) 201, 225, 235, 236, 238, 241, 245, 264, s25A, s26; (b) 216, 217, 242, 243, 247, 258, 260; and (c) 208, 209, 249, 250, 263. Honors candidates must complete 457-458 and sustain an oral defense of their thesis.

Courses
110. Death and Afterlife: Bodies and Souls in Comparative Perspective. An introduction to the comparative study of religion centering around the ways in which various traditions have addressed a basic question: what happens to humans when they die? Primary attention is given to the answers of at least three of the following religions: Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese, and Japanese religions. Ways of studying these answers in their many dimensions (ritual, doctrinal, mythological, sociological, psychological) are introduced, and topics such as notions of heaven and hell, reincarnation, relics, burial patterns, ghosts, visionary journeys to the other world, quests for immortality, and resurrections are addressed. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 45. Mr. Strong. F

115o. Sacred Space: Religion and the Sense of Place. An introductory study to the ways religious traditions help define and develop a sense of place, lending significance to landscapes and cityscapes alike. Particular attention is given to understanding the power of religious worldviews in shaping an appreciation and evaluation of ecological environments. Mr. Straub.

124. Religion, Life Stories, and Theology. An introduction to Western religious thought through autobiographical writings. Topics explored include the nature and functions of religion, the formation and questioning of religious beliefs, religious conceptions of good and evil, and the links between religion and social-political action. Readings are drawn from figures such as Augustine, Joyce Hollyday, Malcolm X, Rigoberta Menchu, and Elie Wiesel. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 40. Mr. Tracy. F

208. Religions of East Asia: China. A study of the various religious traditions of China in their independence and interaction. The focus of the course is on the history, doctrines, and practices of the various schools of Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Readings include basic texts and secondary sources. Open to first-year students. [Mr. Strong]. F

209. Religions of East Asia: Japan. A study of the various religious traditions of Japan in their independence and interaction. The focus of the course is on the doctrines and practices of Shinto, folk religion and the Tendai, Shingon, Zen, Pure Land, and Nichiren schools of Buddhism. These are considered in the context of Japanese history and culture and set against their Korean and Chinese background. Open to first-year students. [Mr. Strong]. W

212. Contemporary Moral Disputes. The course focuses on particular moral issues and the ethical arguments provoked by them. Topics discussed in the course include abortion and euthanasia, war and nuclear arms, world hunger, and the use of natural resources. This course is the same as Philosophy 212. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 30 per section. Mr. Tracy. W

215. Environmental Ethics. Values are important influences on the ways human communities relate to ecological communities, and hence on the character of the interaction between persons and their natural worlds. The course examines a range of environmental issues as moral problems, requiring ethical reflection. This ethical reflection takes into account both the cultural and religious contexts which have given rise to what is understood as a technological dominion over nature, and the cultural resources still remaining which may provide clues on how to live in friendship with the earth. Recommended background: one course in philosophy or religion. Open to first-year students. Mr. Straub. F

216. American Religious History, 1550-1840. This course introduces students to the major themes and movements in American religious history from the Colonial period to the end of Jacksonian reform. Among the topics discussed are Reformation "churches" and "sects," Puritanism and secularism in seventeenth-century America, ethnic diversity and religious pluralism in the Middle Colonies, slavery and slave religion, revivalism, religion and the American Revolution, and social reform. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 40. [Mr. Bruce]. F

217. Religion in the American Experience. The course seeks to understand the importance of religion in the evolution of a sense of national identity and of national destiny for the United States. Consideration is given to the importance of religious traditions both in the development and sanctioning of national mythologies, and in the critique or criticism of these mythologies. The historical background of such considerations begins with Native American religions. The course concludes with a study of "religious freedom" in a multicultural nation again uncertain of its grounds for unity. Open to first-year students. Mr. Straub. W

222. Myths and Their Meaning. Specific examples of myths drawn from a variety of religious traditions (ancient Greece, the ancient Near East, India, and nonliterate societies) are examined in the light of classic and contemporary theories about myth. What role do myths play? What do they mean? How do they reflect and relate to other forms of religious expression? These questions are among those addressed from a variety of perspectives. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 50. Mr. Strong. F

225. Gods, Heroes, Magic, and Mysteries: Religion in Ancient Greece. An anthropological and historical approach to ancient Greek religion in which archeological, literary, and art-historical sources are examined and compared with evidence from other cultures to gain an understanding of the role of religion in ancient Greek culture and of changing concepts of the relation between man and the sacred. Topics to be explored include pre-Homeric and Homeric religion and religious thought, cosmology, mystery cults, civil religion, and manifestations of the irrational, such as dreams, ecstasy, shamanism, and magic. This course is the same as Anthropology 225. Open to first-year students. Mr. Allison. W

235. Ancient Israel: History, Religion, and Literature. Introduction to the Hebrew Bible (in English translation) with readings in related ancient literature. This course traces the history of ancient Israel from its pre-history in the Bronze Age (the time of the Patriarchs) through to the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonian Empire (the end of the First Temple Period). Major topics of study include the evolution of Israelite religious ideas and practices and the various literary traditions represented in the Hebrew Bible (especially the prophetic, priestly, and wisdom traditions) and such historical issues as nationhood, women in ancient Israel, internal politics, and international relations with the ancient Near Eastern centers of civilization. Open to first-year students. [Mr. Allison]. F

236. Introduction to the New Testament. Readings in the New Testament and related Greek and early Christian literature. Studies of the Gospels include investigation into the nature of the early Jesus movement and Jesus' place in the Judaism of his day, the interpretation of Jesus' teaching in the context of Roman-occupied Palestine, and the growth of the Jesus tradition in the early Church. Topics such as the diversity of ideas about salvation, influence of Greco-Roman religious thought, the place of women in the early Church, and the break between Christianity and Judaism and the formation of the early Church in its first century are covered in study of the New Testament epistles (emphasis on the apostle Paul's epistles) and the Book of Revelation. Open to first-year students. Mr. Allison. W

238. Early Jewish History and Thought. Introduction to the later books of the Hebrew Bible and to the literature, religion, and history of Judaism from the Persian Period through the Second Temple Period and the beginnings of the Roman occupation of Palestine. Major topics of study include the formation of Judaism, concepts of nationhood and the diaspora, the origins of antisemitism, hellenized Judaism, Jewish apocalyptic. Readings include the later Biblical books, selected writings from wisdom and apocalyptic works from the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha and from the Dead Sea Scrolls, Jewish historian Josephus, Philo of Alexandria, and selected early rabbinical writings. Open to first-year students. [Mr. Allison]. F

241. History of Christian Thought I: Conflict, Self-Definition, and Dominance. A study of the development of Christian thought from the ideas of the earliest followers of Jesus to the theological systems of a dominant church. Emphasis is placed upon the interaction of Christian thought with its intellectual and social environment. Open to first-year students. [Mr. Allison]. F

242o. History of Christian Thought II: The Emergence of Modernity. A study of the development of Christian thought from the breakdown of medieval unity to the emergence of modern secular culture. Major topics include religious dissent in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, the rise of Puritanism, and the early development of religion in America. Open to first-year students. [Mr. Tracy]. W

243e. Christianity and Its Modern Critics. A study of some encounters between Christian traditions and modern culture, as they have developed since the Enlightenment. Attention is given to significant critiques of religion which have helped define the context for understanding religious meaning in a post-Christian culture. Readings are drawn from critics such as Kant, Hume, Kierkegaard, Feuerbach, Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud. Open to first-year students. [Mr. Straub]. F

245. Ascetic and Monastic Christianity: The Christian Flight from the World to God. The history of Christian monasticism from the hermits of the Egyptian and Palestinian deserts to the monastic orders of the Western Middle Ages, to Eastern Orthodox Palamism, and to modern monastic revivals. Topics include monastic demonology; hermit sages and wonderworkers; ascetical mysticism; virgins, widows, and the escape from sexual suppression; pilgrimage and the cult of relics; the rise of monastic orders. A field trip is taken to a New England monastery. Enrollment is limited to 14. Open to first-year students. [Mr. Allison]. W

247. City Upon the Hill. From John Winthrop to Pat Robertson, Americans have tended to view themselves as a chosen people, a righteous empire, and a city upon a hill. The course examines this religious view of America and its role in shaping American ideas regarding politics, education, work, women, ethnic groups, and other countries. Assigned readings include works by Edmund Morgan, Sacvan Bercovitch, R.W.B. Lewis, and William Clebsch. Prerequisite: Religion 100. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 40. [Mr. Bruce].

249. Religions of India: The Hindu Tradition. An examination, through the use of primary and secondary texts, of the various traditions of Hinduism, with some consideration of their relation to Jainism, and Indian Buddhism. Special attention is paid to the Vedas, Upanishads, and Bhagavad-Gita, as well as to the classical myths of Hinduism embodied in the Puranas. Open to first-year students. Mr. Strong. F

250. The Buddhist Tradition. The course focuses on the Buddha's life and teachings; on early Buddhism in India and the rise of various Buddhist schools of thought; on the development of Mahayana philosophies and forms of expression in India, Tibet, China, and Japan; and on Theravada and Mahayana meditation traditions. Open to first-year students. Mr. Strong. W

258. Judaism in the Modern World. This course explores issues and thinkers in modern Judaism. Topics vary from year to year, and may include one or more of the following: twentieth-century European and American Jewish experience, the varieties of modern Judaism, religion and politics in contemporary Jewish thought, gender issues in Judaism, inter-religious relations with Islam or Christianity. Open to first-year students. Staff. F

260. Philosophy of Religion. A consideration of major issues that arise in philosophical reflection upon religion. Particular issues are selected from among such topics as the nature of faith, the possibility of justifying religious beliefs, the nature and validity of religious experience, the functions of religious language, the relation of religion and science, and the problem of evil. May be taken for major credit by majors in philosophy. This course is the same as Philosophy 260. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 40. [Mr. Tracy]. F

261. Myth, Folklore, and Popular Culture. A variety of texts, including ancient Greek myths, Grimms' folktales, Apache jokes, African proverbs, and Walt Disney comics, are examined in light of important theoretical approaches employed by anthropologists interested in understanding the role of such expressive forms in cultures throughout the world. Major emphasis is placed on psychoanalytic, Marxist, and structuralist approaches. This course is the same as Anthropology 234. Open to first-year students. Mr. Danforth. W

262. Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion. As human societies change, so do the religious beliefs and practices these societies follow. The course examines the symbolic forms and acts that relate human beings to the ultimate conditions of their existence, against the background of the rise of science. Emphasis is upon both Western and non-Western religions. This course is the same as Anthropology 241. Open to first-year students. [Mr. Kemper].

263. Buddhism and the Social Order. The West looks upon Buddhism as an other-worldly religion with little interest in activity in this world. Such has not been the case historically. The Dhamma (Buddhist doctrine) has two wheels, one of righteousness and one of power, one for the other world and one for this world. Lectures and discussions use this paradigm to consider the several accommodations Buddhism has struck with the realities of power in various Theravada Buddhist societies in ancient India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. This course is the same as Anthropology 244. Open to first-year students. [Mr. Kemper].

264. The Islamic Tradition. An introduction to the history and the classical forms of Islam with special attention to the Shi'ah and the Sunnis. In addition to introducing the Quran, the course explores basic teachings of Islam in their historical and social contexts, and covers such subjects as the life and teachings of the Prophet, the Khalifahs and the expansion of Islam, Islamic theology and law, Islamic worship and ritual, and Islamic mysticism. Open to first-year students. Staff. F

301. Seminar in the Theology of Culture. A consideration of religious experience and of the consequent creation of religious symbols. Historical and theoretical study aims for an appreciation of the cultural forms of religious meaning. Permission of the instructor is required. [Mr. Straub]. W

303. Seminar in Biblical Criticism. Each year the seminar focuses upon a particular subject in biblical studies, employing the techniques of textual, historical, and form criticism and exegesis for the purpose of developing sound hermeneutical conclusions. Prerequisite: one course in biblical studies or permission of the instructor. May be taken more than once for credit on different topics. Mr. Allison. W

Topic for winter 1996: Tolerance and Intolerance in the Bible and Ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean Cultures. This seminar, a comparative study of the phenomenon of religious tolerance and intolerance, will begin with the Hebrew Bible and contemporary literature of the ancient Near East. The middle third of the semester is devoted to relations among ancient Greco-Roman paganism, Judaism, and Christianity, including the policies of Alexander the Great and his successors and the early Roman Empire. The semester will conclude by turning to questions of tolerance and intolerance in the Middle Ages among the religions of the book--Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Prerequisite: one previous course in religion or on a topic relevant to this seminar.

305. Seminar in Western Religious Thought. Each year the seminar focuses upon a different figure, movement, or issue of significance for the development of Western religious thought. The seminar may be taken more than once for credit on different topics. Enrollment is limited to 15. [Mr. Tracy].

306. Seminar on American Religious Thought and History. Each year the seminar focuses on a different figure, movement, or issue of significance for the development of American religious thought and history. Recommended background: a course in American cultural studies or philosophy. May be taken for credit more than once. Enrollment is limited to 15. [Mr. Bruce]. F

307. Seminar in Eastern Religious Thought. Each year the seminar concentrates on a different subject in Asian religious thought. May be taken more than once for credit on different topics. Topic for fall 1995: Religions of Tibet. Permission of the instructor is required. Mr. Strong. F

360. Independent Study. Independent study of individually selected topics. Periodic conferences and papers are required. May be taken more than once for credit. Permission of the Department is required. Staff.

365. Special Topics. Offered from time to time, with topics selected from the biblical, historical, and theological-ethical fields. May be taken more than once for credit on different topics. Staff.

450. Senior Research Seminar. A course designed to give senior majors a common core experience in research in religion. Through writing, presenting, and discussing several papers, students explore topics of their own choosing from different theoretical and comparative perspectives. Required of all majors. Enrollment is limited to junior and senior majors and, by permission of the instructor, to interdisciplinary majors. Mr. Tracy. F

457-458. Senior Thesis. Research for and writing of the senior thesis, under the direction of a member of the Department. Honors candidates normally register for both 457-458; non-honors majors for 458 only. Staff.

Short-Term Units
s20A. Leading Figures in Comparative Religion. Each year the unit focuses on the life and writings of a single important figure in the development of the comparative study of religions. Through readings and class discussions, students familiarize themselves with the content and context of a single scholar's works, and at the same time address more general issues pertaining to comparative religion as a field. May be taken for credit more than once on different topics. Mr. Strong.

s22. Religion, Women, and Nature. The unit explores relationships among religion, Western attitudes toward nature, and women's experience. It raises questions about assumptions that underlie the cultural understandings of culture, human nature, gender, creation, and the natural world. This unit is the same as Philosophy s22. Recommended background: a course in religion or philosophy. Enrollment is limited to 30. [Ms. Crunkleton].

s23. Environmental Ethics. This unit uses readings, seminar discussions, and field trips to examine and evaluate environmental issues. Consideration is given to the idea of expanding the moral universe to include forests, oceans, other species. The class may travel to different locales in Maine to look at specific environmental situations. Internships also may be arranged for more extended study in the field. This unit is the same as Philosophy s23. Open to first-year students. Permission of the instructor is required. Enrollment is limited to 12. [Mr. Straub].

s24. Religion and the City. This unit examines the specific challenges faced by religious communities and organizations working to meet the needs of inner-city residents in Washington, D.C. It analyzes 1) the manner in which religious leaders within a particular community articulate and set about realizing the social, political, and economic agenda of their communities, and 2) how religious communities and organizations often become the site of the very conflicts that characterize their interactions with other groups on their boundaries. The program involves study of selected texts dealing with innerfaith/interfaith conflicts and the problems of the city, discussions led by those working in the inner city, field trips to various institutions of the city, and fieldwork in agencies and religious communities in Washington, D.C. Recommended background: a course in religion. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 12. Mr. Bruce, Mr. Avram.

s25A. The Red-Letter Gospel. Jesus' words, in a red-letter Gospel book, stand out in red letters as the authoritative heart of the Christian scriptures. But were they really his words? How do we decide between contradictory quotations in the various Gospels? Or between the Gospel accounts and others outside the New Testament? Is red-lettered precision reconcilable with oral tradition? This unit studies the most controversial of the sayings attributed to Jesus on issues selected by the participants, in order to decide what Jesus is likely to have said, and to understand the interpretive issues involved in that task. [Mr. Allison].

s26. Reading in the Greek New Testament. Intensive introduction to New Testament Greek. Students begin reading immediately in the Gospel of John, while studying the Koine, or commonly spoken Greek language of late classical and early Christian times. No previous knowledge of Greek is assumed. Enrollment is limited to 8. [Mr. Allison].

s27. Field Studies in Religion: Cult and Community. The unit provides an opportunity for in-depth study of one of the many religious groups in southern Maine. In addition to mainline Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish communities, there are many nearby religious movements of particular interest: Shakers, Jehovah's Witnesses, Eckanckar, Transcendental Meditation, the Shiloh Community, Catholic Charismatics, Unitarians, and others. Students carry out their own field research, focusing on the social structure, beliefs, and practices of a community of their choice. The unit ends with a seminar in which students share the results of their research. Enrollment is limited to 15. [Mr. Tracy].

s28. Fundamentalism. The unit explores the role of Christian fundamentalism in American culture from historical, psychological, theological, sociological, and national perspectives. The relationship between fundamentalism and the evangelical movement, the charismatic movement, and the proliferation of cults is explored. In addition to reading and lectures, students do research and fieldwork which they present to the class. Recommended background: course in religion, introductory or advanced. Enrollment is limited to 20. [Mr. Bruce].