Chapter 12
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Concept Review:
Chapter Twelve introduces the Perfect System for all verbs conjugations (First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Third (-io)). The Perfect System includes three tenses: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect.
The Perfect Tense marks a single, completed or finished action in the past. Remember this differs from the Imperfect Tense, which is an ongoing, repeated, or habitual action of in the past.
Perfect: Ex. Puer puellam laudavit. Translation: The boy praised the girl.
Imperfect: Ex. Puer puellam laudabat. Translation: The boy was praising the girl.
The Pluperfect Tense is also a simple, completed or finished action. Pluperfect technically means more complete, but in reality means completed in the time prior to the Perfect. The Pluperfect is often employed to look at the consequences of the completed action.
Pluperfect: Ex. Puer puellam laudaverat. Translation: The boy had praised the girl.
Perfect: Ex. Puer puellam laudavit. Translation: The boy praised the girl.
The Future Perfect Tense indicates a simple actions that will be completed or finished sometime in the future. The Future Perfect is also employed to look at the consequences of a completed action. Remember the Future Perfect is a completed action, the Future is not a complete action.
Future Perfect: Ex. Puer puellam laudaverit. Translation: The boy will have praised the girl.
Future: Ex. Puer puellam laudabit. Translation: The boy will praise the girl.
The timeline below demonstrates the
Remember to form the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect tenses take the Third Principle part of the verb. Again, this is why it is important to learn all principles parts of a verb each time you learn your vocabulary. For the Perfect System endings please refer to page 77 or 452 in your textbook. To form the Pluperfect take the third principle part stem and add -eram endings (the Imperfect forms of the verb 'to be'). To form the Future Perfect take the third principle part stem and add -ero endings (the Future form of the verb 'to be').
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