BIO 258 Notes
WEEK #9.
CHARACTER EVOLUTION AND MACROEVOLUTION

• Form, function, and phylogeny (Futuyma ch. 17; Minkoff Ch. 22; E30a).
  • Homology & analogy; convergence
  • Reconstructing phylogenies
  • Theories of classification; evolutionary classifications; cladistics
  __________
• Ecology of populations. (Futuyma ch. 4, 18; Minkoff, Ch. 9; E16)
  • Population growth.
    • Exponential growth and r
      dN/dT = rN,   or   N = N₀e^rT
    • Logistic growth and K
      dN/dT = rN(K-N)/K
  • Species interactions:
    • Lotka-Volterra equations, competition (4 situations)
    • Predation, amensalism
    • Symbiosis: parasitism, commensalism, mutualism
    • Consequences of species interactions:
      Niche diversification; coevolution.
  • r-selection and K-selection
  __________
• Life histories & development (Futuyma ch. 19, 23; E30b)
  • Innovation (caenogenesis) at any age
  • Life histories and resource allocation
  • Ontogeny and phylogeny; heterochrony
    • historical:   Haeckel;   von Baer's 4 laws
    • underlying processes: acceleration; retardation
    • results shown by chart:

      Processes		Results
      Acceleration:       of somatic development       of reproductive development		Recapitulation (by acceleration & prolongation) Paedomorphosis (by acceleration) = neoteny
      Retardation:       of somatic development       of reproductive development		Paedomorphosis (by retardation) Recapitulation (by retardation) = hypermorphosis

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