NOTE:
In Campbell's book, look at all the color plates in the middle of the book.
- GENERAL:
- HOME RANGE: Just for comparison:
- WSU campus is about 19 hectares in area (so 100 Ha is over 5x larger)
- New York's Central Park is about 350 hectares
- A circle with a one mile radius encloses about 815 hectares
- the city limits of Worcester include about 10,000 hectares, or 100 km2
- PATH LENGTH: 1000 m = Ghosh to May St. bldg.
- 7 CALLITRICHIDAE (marmosets, tamarins):
- Tropical, mostly Amazon basin
- Diet: Gums ("exudates"), insects (+ small vert.); also fruits, nectar, fungus
- Reproduction: Ovulation but few births while in natal family;
subordinate females have low fertility; thus selection for dominant females (some infanticide)
- Mating systems vary: sometimes polyandry or polygynandry (unlike most primates)
- High cost of maternal care (?size ratio); lots of allomothering
- Mustaches, eyebrows, tufts and other facial markings common (visual recognition)
- 8 CEBINAE (Cebus, Saimiri):
- Tropical, incl. Amazon Basin
- Cebus = capuchin (larger)-- "habitat generalists"; group size ~20
- Saimiri = squirrel monkey (smaller)-- more restricted to lowland tropical forests; group size varies 15-75
- Quadrupedal, IM ~80-90
- Frugivorous + insectivorous; lots of difficult food (using stones to crack nuts, etc.)
- Often in mixed-species groups; benefits Saimiri because Cebus detects predators better and
vocalizes to alert others.
- Male dispersal / female philopatry (like Old World monkeys, unlike other Platyrrhina)
- Friendship and grooming behavior, esp. by females
- 9 PITHECIINAE (seed predators): Saki, Uakari, Titi
- Northern So. America
- Bright naked face markings (visually distinct)
- Lots of seeds, also fleshy fruits, leaves
- 10 AOTINAE (night monkeys = owl monkeys = dourocouli):
- Tropical, mostly Amazon basin, also into Panama
- Only nocturnal anthropoid
- Mostly frugivorous but hard to study at night so other food poorly known
- Serial monogamy
- Biparental care (high male investment: play, carrying, grooming)
- 11 ATELINAE + ALOUATTINAE (Campbell combines them; many others separate them)
- Brachyteles in Uruguay and southern Brazil; all others from Amazon basin into Central America
- Fission-fusion societies
- Suspensory locomotion: semibrachiation, brachiation, clambering
- Howlers LOUD and sexually dimorphic; others usu. monomorphic
- Often: male philopatry, female dispersal
- Diets: fruits (pref. ripe) + leaves; seasonally variable
- Females solicit copulation from males, often outside ovulatory period
- Some convergence (in locomotion, social groupings) with great apes
- C.R. Carpenter: pioneering field studies on Barro Colorado (island in Panama Canal Zone): river crossings, etc.
|