STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER 3

In addition to the definitions below, see also the summary on pages 89-90.

Plasma membrane (cell membrane) - bilayer of phospholipids + protein that surrounds a cell

Cilia - hairlike processes on cell surfaces that beat with a wavelike motion

Endocytosis - bulk transport of material into a cell by forming membrane around it

Exocytosis - bulk transport of material out of a cell by releasing it across the plasma membrane

Phagocytosis - type of endocytosis in which solid particles are surrounded and eaten

Pinocytosis - type of endocytosis in which liquids enter by the membrane budding inward

Solute pump - membrane protein that uses energy to actively transport ions across a membrane

Active transport - movement against a concentration gradient, requiring energy

Diffusion - passive movement along a concentration gradient, from higher concentration to lower

Hyperplasia - enlargement of a tissue beyond its normal amount

Fibrosis - tissue repair that replaces damaged tissue with scar tissue

Regeneration - tissue repair that restores the type of tissue that existed before the damage

Neoplasm - cancerous growth or tumor whose cells do not stop dividing

Tumor - cancerous growth or neoplasm whose cells do not stop dividing

Cancer (neoplasm) - growth of cells that do not stop dividing

Benign - well-contained type of tumor that does not spread

Malignant - giving off cells that spread away from the original location

Metastasis - cancerous growth in which cells spread away from the original location

Epithelium - tissue that originates in sheets

Surface epithelium - epithelium that remains sheetlike

Columnar - epithelial cells taller than their width

Cuboidal - epithelial cells whose height is equal to their width

Squamous - flat epithelial cells whose height is much less than their width

Simple epithelium - epithelium composed of a single sheet of cells

Stratified - composed of many layers

Glandular epithelium - epithelium specialized for secretion

Endocrine - secreting into the blood stream, not into a duct

Exocrine - secreting into a duct

Simple gland - a gland with an unbranched duct

Compound gland - a gland with a branched duct

Acinar glands - flask-shaped (wider at the bottom)

Tubular glands - equally wide at top and bottom

Muscle tissue - tissue specialized for contraction using actin and myosin

Smooth muscle - type of involuntary muscle tissue with spindle-shaped cells (pointed at each end) and central nuclei, characterized by slow, rhythmic contraction

Skeletal muscle - type of voluntary muscle tissue with cylindrical fibers containing many peripheral nuclei, characterized by rapid, forceful contraction that may produce fatigue

Cardiac muscle - type of involuntary muscle found in the heart, with cylindrical fibers that branch and come together, containing central nuclei

Connective tissue - tissue characterized by large amounts of extracellular matrix

Areolar tissue - loose, ordinary connective tissue, with few fibers and lots of tissue fluid

Erythrocytes - red blood cells that transport hemoglobin

Blood - connective tissue with liquid matrix (plasma), leucocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets

Lymph - connective tissue with liquid matrix (plasma) and certain leucocytes only

Hyaline cartilage - simplest type of cartilage, with moderately hard, jelly-like matrix

Collagen - strong protein fibers found in connective tissue

Hemocytoblast - adult stem cell that gives rise to all types of blood cells

Hemopoietic - blood-forming

Lymphoid - type of hemopoietic tissue that gives rise to lymphocytes and monocytes

Myeloid - type of hemopoietic tissue that gives rise to erythrocytes, platelets, and granular leucocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils)

Adipose tissue - fat tissue

Mesenchyme - embryonic connective tissue consisting of wandering amoeboid cells

Fibroblast - connective tissue cell that can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and many other cell types

Chondroblast - immature cartilage cell that secretes cartilage matrix

Chondrocyte - mature cartilage cell trapped in its matrix

Perichondrium - membrane surrounding a cartilage

Periosteum - membrane surrounding a bone

Osteoblast - immature bone cell

Osteocyte - mature bone cell, living in a lacuna

Osteoclast - bone-destroying cell

Haversian system - system of concentric cylinders of lamellar bone, with a central artery

Canaliculi - tiny canals in bone through which osteocytes receive their nutrition

Nervous tissue - tissue specialized to transmit messages along the surface membranes